PostgreSQL 8.0.0rc4 Documentation
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# 9.15. Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions compute a single result value from a set of input values. Table 9-37 shows the built-in aggregate functions. The special syntax considerations for aggregate functions are explained in Section 4.2.7. Consult Section 2.7 for additional introductory information.

Table 9-37. Aggregate Functions

Function | Argument Type | Return Type | Description
--- | --- | --- | ---
`avg(`expression`)` | `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`, `real`, `double precision`, `numeric`, or `interval` | `numeric` for any integer type argument, `double precision` for a floating-point argument, otherwise the same as the argument data type | the average (arithmetic mean) of all input values
`bit_and(`expression`)` | `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`, or `bit` | same as argument data type | the bitwise AND of all non-null input values, or null if none
`bit_or(`expression`)` | `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`, or `bit` | same as argument data type | the bitwise OR of all non-null input values, or null if none
`bool_and(`expression`)` | `bool` | `bool` | true if all input values are true, otherwise false
`bool_or(`expression`)` | `bool` | `bool` | true if at least one input value is true, otherwise false
`count(*)` |  | `bigint` | number of input values
`count(`expression`)` | any | `bigint` | number of input values for which the value of `expression` is not null
`every(`expression`)` | `bool` | `bool` | equivalent to `bool_and`
`max(`expression`)` | any numeric, string, or date/time type | same as argument type | maximum value of `expression` across all input values
`min(`expression`)` | any numeric, string, or date/time type | same as argument type | minimum value of `expression` across all input values
`stddev(`expression`)` | `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`, `real`, `double precision`, or `numeric` | `double precision` for floating-point arguments, otherwise `numeric` | sample standard deviation of the input values
`sum(`expression`)` | `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`, `real`, `double precision`, `numeric`, or `interval` | `bigint` for `smallint` or `integer` arguments, `numeric` for `bigint` arguments, `double precision` for floating-point arguments, otherwise the same as the argument data type | sum of `expression` across all input values
`variance`(`expression`) | `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`, `real`, `double precision`, or `numeric` | `double precision` for floating-point arguments, otherwise `numeric` | sample variance of the input values (square of the sample standard deviation)

It should be noted that except for `count`, these functions return a null value when no rows are selected. In particular, `sum` of no rows returns null, not zero as one might expect. The `coalesce` function may be used to substitute zero for null when necessary.

> Note: Boolean aggregates `bool_and` and `bool_or` correspond to standard SQL aggregates `every` and `any` or `some`. As for `any` and `some`, it seems that there is an ambiguity built into the standard syntax:

>     SELECT b1 = ANY((SELECT b2 FROM t2 ...)) FROM t1 ...;

> Here `ANY` can be considered both as leading to a subquery or as an aggregate if the select expression returns 1 row. Thus the standard name cannot be given to these aggregates.

> Note: Users accustomed to working with other SQL database management systems may be surprised by the performance characteristics of certain aggregate functions in PostgreSQL when the aggregate is applied to the entire table (in other words, no `WHERE` clause is specified). In particular, a query like

>     SELECT min(col) FROM sometable;

> will be executed by PostgreSQL using a sequential scan of the entire table. Other database systems may optimize queries of this form to use an index on the column, if one is available. Similarly, the aggregate functions `max()` and `count()` always require a sequential scan if applied to the entire table in PostgreSQL.

> PostgreSQL cannot easily implement this optimization because it also allows for user-defined aggregate queries. Since `min()`, `max()`, and `count()` are defined using a generic API for aggregate functions, there is no provision for special-casing the execution of these functions under certain circumstances.

> Fortunately, there is a simple workaround for `min()` and `max()`. The query shown below is equivalent to the query above, except that it can take advantage of a B-tree index if there is one present on the column in question.

>     SELECT col FROM sometable ORDER BY col ASC LIMIT 1;

> A similar query (obtained by substituting `DESC` for `ASC` in the query above) can be used in the place of `max()`.

> Unfortunately, there is no similarly trivial query that can be used to improve the performance of `count()` when applied to the entire table.

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