       
       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

                             ADVANCED DOS COMMANDS 

       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 
       
       This tutorial covers advanced DOS commands, updates for DOS 
       version 5.0, keyboard shortcuts, function key assignments and a 
       special functional index of DOS commands which is located at the 
       end of the tutorial. 

       Life gets more interesting the longer you stay in the game. The 
       more you want to accomplish with a computer, the more you need 
       advanced DOS commands. But first, let's take a side trip to the 
       keyboard and study some powerful DOS shortcuts.
       
       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 
       
                               FUNCTION KEY USE

       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

       The keyboard function keys labelled F1 through F10 access a 
       special buffer storage area of DOS. Additional key combinations 
       offer other shortcuts. Some keyboards have twelve function keys 
       while others have the function keys arranged along the top of 
       the keyboard rather than stacked along the side. 

       The best way to understand how the function keys work is to 
       pause and explain the concept of a keyboard buffer which is 
       little more than a temporary storage area in the computer's 
       memory. A buffer is necessary because the activities of input 
       and output (using the keyboard or printer) are much slower than 
       those activities which interact with the speedy RAM memory chips 
       and CPU. 

       Data from the keyboard is placed into a memory buffer area until 
       you signal the PC that you are ready to move on to the next 
       task. Usually this signal is the carriage return or enter key. A 
       buffer storage area can vary in size. For the DOS command line 
       buffer, up to 127 characters can be contained. When data is 
       entered into the keyboard buffer is stays there until flushed 
       out. DOS allows some limited repeating and editing of data 
       stored in the buffer (data you previously typed at the keyboard) 
       by use of the function keys. 
       
                            The FUNCTION Keyboard:
       
       The following discussion applies to the function keys WHEN 
       YOU ARE USING DOS! When you use an application such as your word 
       processor or database program the function keys will probably 
       have different uses!
       
       The function keys assume different roles for different programs. 
       F1 through F5 have special meaning within DOS. They help in 
       reissuing/editing the last DOS command typed.         

       F1 Repeats one character per keystroke of the previous DOS command 
       typed. 

       F2 Repeats characters stored in the buffer up to the character 
       you typed after pressing F2. 

       F3 Repeats the entire LAST command. USEFUL! Repeat last command 
       and edit it over again with other function keys or the backspace 
       key. 

       F4 Deletes all characters in the buffer up to the character you 
       typed after F4. The buffer is not displayed. To see the buffer 
       on screen tap F3. 

       F5 Stores the current line for re-editing. F5 is used with the 
       other four keys so you can repair long DOS commands which 
       weren't typed in properly.  When you press F5 the current line 
       will be marked and the cursor will move down one line WITHOUT a 
       new prompt. Then use the other function keys to finish editing. 
 
                               The main Keyboard
   
       Delete key deletes character on or to the right of the cursor

       Backspace key removes last character typed - to the left of 
       cursor 

       Insert key puts keyboard into insert mode    

       Escape key voids current input and exits or escapes to previous 
       settings

       PageUp key in many applications moves you up one screen of text

       PageDown key in many applications moves you down one screen of 
       text 

       Left and right arrow keys move cursor left and right without 
       deleting 

       Numlock key toggles (goes back and forth) between numbers on the 
       numeric keypad and cursor control (functions such as page down, 
       move cursor right, etc)      

       Pressing two or more keys at the same time produces further 
       results. You may hold down the Control (Ctrl) key and then 
       press another key for a required result. Here are some two key 
       combinations. Hold down the first key, then press the second:

       Shift-PrtSc prints one screen of data on your printer. 

       Control-C or Control Break Aborts current DOS command. USEFUL! 

       Control-H or backspace removes last character typed 

       Control-P or Control-PrtSc sends output to printer until turned 
       off by typing same key combination (Control P) a second time. 
       Whatever appears on screen will be sent to printer until turned 
       off with control P a second time. This is a little used, often 
       forgetten and HIGHLY useful key combination! 
       
       Control Numlock or Control S pauses screen output. Press any key 
       to continue

       Control-Alt-Delete keys together shuts down computer and WIPES 
       OUT all computer data!  This is also called a "warm boot" 
       as compared to a cold boot (completely turning off computer, 
       then turning back on again.) Either of these methods means that 
       ALL DATA AND PROGRAMS LOST from RAM memory but whatever data 
       stored on disk(s) remains.

       Other keys have special meanings and can be confused with their 
       look-alike twins: the slash (/) and Backslash (\) are different 
       but easily confused as are the apostrophe (') and grave accent (`), 
       and also the capital O and Zero (0.) 

       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

                       ADVANCED DOS COMMANDS AND METHODS
       
       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

       Now on to some of the more advanced DOS commands, files and 
       methods which we continue from the previous DOS tutorial: 

       -- AUTOEXEC.BAT -- is not a DOS command but a small text file 
       which gives the user an automatic way to specify a precise 
       series of DOS commands whenever the computer is started each 
       day. Within AUTOEXEC.BAT you can specify system variables such 
       as the PATH and PROMPT commands, load or start a menu system 
       with a variety of program choices, load memory resident "TSR" 
       programs such as a calculator or notepad, run other batch files 
       or start one specific program such as your word processor every 
       time the computer is turned on. You can create or modify an 
       AUTOEXEC.BAT file with any word processor which saves text in 
       ASCII (plain text) format. Additional comments and explanations 
       about the AUTOEXEC.BAT file are provided in the batch file 
       tutorial elsewhere within this package. Following is a listing of 
       the contents within a sample AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Note that it is 
       simply a series of DOS commands which will be given every time 
       the computer is first turned on: 
       
       echo off
       date
       time
       path \dos;\wp;\util;\doc;\bat                     
       prompt $P$G                                                    
       verify on                                                      
       mode bw80,r                                                    
       type menu                                                      

       -- CONFIG.SYS -- is not a DOS command, but a small text file 
       which tells DOS the system setup information or "custom 
       configuration" of your computer. Whenever additional hardware is 
       added such as a tape drive, mouse, ram drive or other device, 
       you will usually add a DEVICE command to the CONFIG.SYS file so 
       that DOS can recognize the new hardware or software device. 
       Performance can also be increased by adding other parameters to 
       the CONFIG.SYS file such as the FILES and BUFFERS commands. On 
       startup, CONFIG.SYS helps DOS determine the configuration of 
       hardware, RAM memory, keyboard, ramdisk, hard drives and other 
       "customizations" to your system and is usually stored in the 
       root or main directory of your hard drive. The CONFIG.SYS file 
       can be prepared or altered with your word processor operating in 
       ASCII mode (plain text). You could also use the COPY CON command 
       or any text editor such as Edlin to prepare a CONFIG.SYS file. 
       Following is a listing of the contents within a sample CONFIG.SYS 
       file: 

       device=ansi.sys 
       device=vdisk.sys  
       buffers=20 
       files=20 
              
       -- MODE --  (External) is a command to setup the printer, 
       display and communications outputs of your computer. Use mode 
       when you have several printers or two or more monitors such as 
       both color and monochrome.

       Example: A>mode CO80             (set display mode to color,80 
                                        columns wide) 

       Example: B>mode lpt1=com1        (set printer to com port number 
                                        1) 

       Example: A>mode com1:10,n,8,1,p  (set modem transmission 
                                        settings) 

       Example  B>mode bw80,r           (set monitor to b&w text, 80 
                                        columns wide) 

       -- MORE -- (External) causes the display to pause when reading a 
       long file or directory. More is always combined with other DOS 
       commands. See below for an example using the MORE command.

       -- REDIRECTION AND PIPING -- Are not DOS commands but powerful 
       methods for sending information to or through other DOS 
       utilities.
       
       Some commands, for example DIR, can use MORE, SORT and other DOS 
       "filters" with a special vertical bar | in a method called 
       "piping". Piping is best explained as "filtering" a DOS action 
       through yet another DOS program or command. 

       Example A>dir|more              (DIR listing is "piped" through 
                                       MORE to pause after each 
                                       screenful of information) 
                                       Try it with a long listing!

       Example: B>type letter.txt|more   (the file letter.txt is "piped" 
                                         through MORE) 

       --  < and > -- are input/output symbols. They help DOS send and 
       receive signals properly. You can redirect the output from or 
       towards a particular device. For example if the output of a file 
       normally goes to the screen you could redirect it with the > 
       symbol to the printer. Or you could redirect the input for a DOS 
       command from a file, rather than the keyboard so you would not 
       have to answer a series of questions - the file would provide 
       the keystrokes. 

       Example: A>sort<letter.txt>letter.new    (sort letter.txt and 
                                                output to a new file 
                                                called letter.new) 

       Example: B>dir>prn  (meaning produce a directory listing, but 
       send the output to the printer, rather than the screen) 

       Example: format b:<special.txt (format a floppy and accept input 
       keystrokes from the file special.txt rather than input from the 
       keyboard so you don't have to answer yes/no or pause)

       These piping and redirection methods are powerful and subtle.

       -- SORT -- (External) sorts data lists in alphabetical or 
       reverse order. It is frequently used with redirection and piping 
       methods to sort directories, lists of text or to output its 
       actions into a new file or directly to the printer. 

       Example: A>dir|sort    Example: sort<letter.doc>new.doc 

       -- GRAPHICS -- (External) allows you to print the contents of a 
       graphics display (e.g., a lotus graph on the screen) while using 
       the SHIFT-PRTSC key combination mentioned earlier. Graphics mode 
       software uses medium resolution CGA color displays or other 
       graphics displays which will not print using the standard SHIFT-
       PRTSC key until the DOS graphics system has been loaded. 
       Graphics is a memory resident program which uses some RAM 
       memory. If a screen display will not print on your printer by 
       tapping SHIFT-PRTSC, trying running graphics first then retry 
       SHIFT-PRTSC.

       Example: A>graphics 

       -- FIND -- (External) searches for words and phrases in a file. 
       You cannot use wild cards (? and *). You must use quotes 
       surrounding the phrase or word which is sought. 

       Example: A>find "chocolate candy bars" letter.txt bones.wks 

       (meaning: search for "chocolate candy bars" within the two 
       files letter.txt and bones.wks then report any occurrences)

       -- ASSIGN -- (External) tells DOS to send disk requests for one 
       drive to the other. Effectively renames your a drive the b drive 
       and vice versa. Allows you to access only certain drives for 
       security reasons (remote modem use, for example). By itself, 
       assign simply restores the normal drive configurations and 
       names. DISKCOPY and FORMAT commands ignore assign! Use of assign 
       command is rare. 

       Example: B>assign c=a 

       -- PATH -- (Internal) tells DOS where to search for executable 
       files in the subdirectories you specify. Allows simultaneous 
       searching of many subdirectories at once. Path eliminates the 
       need to search through many subdirectories manually. Frequently 
       a PATH command is used in your autoexec.bat file when starting 
       the computer. A path command is highly recommended for use with 
       all hard drives and, as stated, is embedded within the 
       AUTOEXEC.BAT file as a permanent command. 

       Example: C>path \letters;\finance;\utils 

       -- PROMPT -- (Internal) allows change of the DOS prompt - for 
       example, the dull A> on screen. $P shows the active directory. 
       $G shows the > symbol. This can be set in the main autoexec.bat 
       file to initialize the prompt every time you start your 
       computer. With the proper commands you can dramatically change 
       your prompt to even display words, pictures or phrases rather 
       than a typical C>
       
       See batch file tutorial covered later. 

       Example: A>prompt $P$G.   (result is:    a:\>   ) 

       -- TREE -- (External) shows the structure of the subdirectories 
       on your disk. You can check the arrangement of the root (main) 
       and all subdirectories. Tree/f shows all file names. 

       Example: B>tree/f 

       -- ATTRIB -- (External) allows a file to be set as "read only" 
       (non-erasable). Attrib +r marks for read only. Attrib -r removes 
       this. Protects files from modification or removal. Attrib alone 
       displays file attributes. A small r appears to the left of a 
       files directory listing if that file is read only (protected). 
       Only available in DOS 3.0 and later. 

       Example: A>attrib +r letters.doc 

       -- BACKUP & RESTORE -- (External) used to making spare copies 
       (backups) of hard disk data. Copies groups of files to floppies. 
       Restore reverses the process and puts the files from floppies to 
       hard disk. Backup/m copies only files modified since the last 
       backup. Backup/s copies all subdirectories and their files. 
       Backup/d copies files modified after the date you specify. 
       Backup/a adds files to a disk that already contains other files. 
       Files copied to floppies with backup can't be used (they are 
       "encoded") until they are restored ("unencoded"). Restore/s puts 
       back all subdirectory files. 

       Example: A>backup c:\*.* a:/s 

       Example: C>restore a:\*.* c:/s 

       -- EDLIN -- (External) is a small word processor/text editor 
       which prepares text files. DOS version 5.0 uses an upgraded 
       text editor called EDIT which is easier to use the Edlin.
      
       Edlin's output is ASCII (plain text). Edlin is rudimentary and 
       provides editing line by line. Other word processors and text 
       editors can output ASCII files more quickly and easily, but 
       Edlin is good for short jobs such as preparing batch files. The 
       COPY CON command (discussed earlier) will do the job also. The 
       entire list of Edlin commands is detailed in your DOS manual. 

       Example: A>edlin go.bat  (starts Edlin and loads the file go.bat)
         
       -- RAMDRIVE.SYS -- (used in MS-DOS, see below) (External)
       
       -- VDISK.SYS --  (used in PC-DOS, see below) (External) 
       
       Both of the above files are equivalent "ramdisks" which allow you 
       to construct an artificial software disk drive in RAM computer 
       memory. It is very fast and is also known as a virtual disk. 
       RAMDRIVE.SYS or VDISK.SYS is usually placed in the CONFIG.SYS 
       file via the DEVICE command. RAMDRIVE.SYS or VDISK.SYS is 
       available in DOS 3.0 and later. DOS 2.0 users can use 
       alternative "add in" RAMDISK utilities to produce the same 
       result. Within the CONFIG.SYS file the following statement might 
       appear for users of this device: 

       Example: device=vdisk.sys 128    (sets up a ramdisk of 128,000 
                                        bytes in size) 
       
        ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

                                DOS VERSION 5.0

       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

       In 1991 Microsoft made DOS more powerful, smarter, sleeker and 
       vastly more helpful. A variety of major and minor changes to this
       classic operating system provide something useful for everyone. 
       While most computer owners can take advantage of this cornucopia 
       of new features, a few may not need to upgrade to DOS 5.0. Let's 
       examine the "new and improved" DOS. 
       
       Five major changes were made with DOS version 5.0:
       
       1) An on-line help system was added so that users could access 
       brief "help screens" for reminders about specific DOS command 
       syntax and usage. The DOS manual was also substantially improved 
       and rewritten. 
       
       2) By using the extended or "high memory" system of computers 
       equipped with 80286, 80386 or 80486 CPU processors and additional 
       RAM memory beyond the conventional 640K, DOS 5.0 can now load 
       memory resident programs, device drivers and even DOS itself 
       into extended memory thus leaving more room in conventional 
       memory for application software - a potent plus for memory 
       starved software. Up to 622K of memory can be made available to 
       conventional memory. Microsoft Windows 3.0 applications and 
       large DOS applications such as spreadsheets and database 
       programs accelerate with access to this additional memory. 
       
       3) A new extended memory manager allows 80386 or 80486 computers 
       to turn extended memory into LIM (Lotus-Intel-Microsoft) 
       expanded memory. This provides popular programs such as Lotus 
       123 and others with the capability to automatically use memory 
       more effectively and releases additional conventional memory for 
       data and application software. 
       
       4) New commands such as UNDELETE, MIRROR and UNFORMAT were added 
       to allow for the recovery of accidentally deleted files or 
       subdirectories. A new DOSKEY command was also added to allow for 
       convenient recall of previous DOS command keystrokes and also 
       provides keyboard macro commands. 

       5) A new graphical interface or shell and full screen "mini-word 
       processor" text editor was made available. Users can work from 
       the DOS prompt command line or the new shell and text editor. 
       The GWBASIC language system, present in most versions of DOS, 
       was provided with a fresh new interface and editor. The setup or 
       installation routine for DOS 5.0 cleverly allows users to backup 
       earlier DOS files - just in case they need to return to a 
       previous DOS version - and smoothly glides through installation 
       without the need to completely reformat a hard drive from 
       scratch, an annoying hallmark of earlier DOS versions. 

       Beyond these major features, smaller items provide icing on a 
       useful software cake:

       A new SETVER command allows the user to change the apparent DOS 
       version number so that older, finicky programs which demand a 
       unique version of DOS run properly.

       The DOS directory or DIR command has been updated with 
       additional switches which let users sort directory listings in a 
       variety of ways without using the cumbersome SORT command. 

       Hard drive users also benefit from DOS 5.0 modifications. DOS 
       5.0 can now create hard drive data partitions of up to 2 
       gigabytes and can now function with more than two physical 
       drives at a time. In a series of hard drives, now only one drive 
       is required to contain a DOS partition for the entire system to 
       work - a substantial savings in hard disk space. 

       However, not all computer owners need to upgrade to DOS 5.0. 
       
       Owners of older 8088 and 8086 CPU equipped machines - XT class 
       computers - may find the urge to upgrade to DOS 5.0 to be less 
       than overwhelming since the advanced memory management features 
       are unusable on a machine having only 640K of RAM memory. 
       However the new UNDELETE, UNFORMAT and MIRROR commands, refined 
       editor, DOSKEY utility, improved Qbasic programming language 
       interface and on-line help may be reason and convenience enough 
       to upgrade. 

       Owners of 80286, 80386 or 80486 CPU equipped machines will 
       probably wish to upgrade to DOS 5.0 to take advantage of the 
       additional conventional memory which can be released for 
       application software as well as the relocation of device drivers 
       into high memory. 

       New or modified DOS 5.0 commands include:

       -- DOSKEY -- (External) 

       This DOS utility allows you to recall and edit DOS commands you 
       previously entered at the DOS prompt. Unlike pressing the F3 key 
       which recalls only the last command typed, DOSKEY gives you 
       access to all previous commands typed and allows you to edit 
       or change them. Keyboard macros or series of keystroke sequences 
       may also be recorded and edited. DOSKEY is a memory resident TSR 
       program (terminate and stay resident) which uses about 3K of 
       conventional memory. 

       Note that in the syntax examples which follow, you may use 
       one or several switches following a command if you wish: 

       (Example)   DOSKEY /REINSTALL /HISTORY /OVERSTRIKE

       In the above example three parameter switches follow the 
       command. 

       Note in DOS syntax examples which follow that the bracket 
       symbols [ and ] are NOT typed at the DOS prompt, but only serve 
       to indicate an OPTIONAL parameter or switch.
       
       If you see a | symbol within a syntax example, it means run 
       EITHER the command prior to the | OR run the command following 
       the |, but NOT both commands at the same time. Do not confuse 
       the | symbol given in a syntax example with the "piping symbol" 
       which is a DOS redirection method sometimes used in DOS 
       commands. For example, the syntax entry below provides for 
       EITHER the /INSERT switch OR the /OVERSTRIKE switch. 

       DOSKEY syntax is:
       
       DOSKEY [/REINSTALL] [/BUFSIZE=size] [/MACROS] [/HISTORY] 
              [/INSERT|/OVERSTRIKE] [macro=[text]]

       Parameters:

       /REINSTALL        Installs new copy of DOSKEY
       /BUFSIZE=size     Set buffer size to "size" bytes (default=512)
       /MACROS           Display current macros
       /HISTORY          Display command history 
       /INSERT           When editing, default to insert mode
       /OVERSTRIKE       When editing, default to overstrike mode
       macro             Name of macro to load or run
       text              Macro definition

       Note that macros override or take precedence over internal 
       commands such as DIR and CLS. Using this feature you can 
       define new, personal DOS commands. 

       (Example)     DOSKEY FINDIT=DIR \$1 /S /B

       Using the above DOSKEY definition you have created a new command 
       called FINDIT such that when you type FINDIT *.WKS all 
       spreadsheet files (which usually end in WKS) will be displayed 
       and listed on screen. DOSKEY can use advanced DOS characters 
       such as piping, input and output redirection and replaceable 
       parameters (e.g., |, >, <, $1)
       
       -- DOSSHELL -- (External)
       
       This is a useful menu program for those preferring a visual 
       "point and shoot" method of dealing with DOS and managing files,
       rather than typing commands at the DOS prompt. It is mouseable 
       and provides a file viewer and task switcher so you can jump 
       between software programs and return exactly where you left off 
       without having to exit each application software program 
       in progress. 
       
       DOSSHELL syntax is:

       DOSSHELL [/G[:res[n]]|/T[:res[n]]] /B

       Parameters:
       
       /G                Start DOSSHELL in graphics mode
       res               Sets screen resolution with L = low res,
                         M = medium res, H = High res.
       n                 Resolution number which varies depending
                         on video card/adapter in use
       /T                Shell is run in text mode
       /B                Shell is run in black and white mode

       Several functions can ONLY be run from DOSSHELL. For example, 
       DOSSHELL's rename function can rename a subdirectory which 
       cannot be done with the RENAME command from the DOS prompt 
       command line. Likewise, the task switching function can only be 
       run from DOSSHELL and cannot be activated from the command line
       DOS prompt. 
       
       -- EDIT -- (External)

       This is a full-screen text editor or "mini-word processor" which 
       offers a practical, intuitive alternative to the previous DOS
       EDLIN text processor. EDIT features text search and replace 
       capabilities, pull-down menus, on-line help, and block moves. 

       EDIT syntax is:

       EDIT [[d:] [path] filename] [/B] [/G] [/H] [/NOHI]
       
       Parameters:
       
       filename          Name of the file to be edited
       /B                Run editor in black and white mode
       /G                Run editor with fast updates on CGA screens
       /H                Display maximum number of allowable lines
       /NOHI             High intensity colors are removed/suppressed
       
       EDIT will not run without the companion file QBASIC.EXE in the 
       current directory or path. When you start EDIT, internal changes 
       are made to QBASIC's editor and you are in fact running a 
       modified version of QBASIC's own editor! 

       -- EMM386 -- (External)

       This utility is a memory manager for the "upper memory area" of 
       DOS, sometimes called the UMA. It can make your computer's 
       extended memory simulate expanded memory - if you have extra RAM 
       memory installed beyond the conventional 640K amount. This is 
       useful for software programs such as a spreadsheet which can 
       increase performance when given access to expanded memory. Users 
       of computers having an 80386 or 80486 CPU can also load programs 
       and device drivers into this upper memory area. Typically those 
       using upper or high memory will have 1 Meg, 2 Megs or even 4 
       Megs of RAM memory available.
              
       EMM386 syntax is:

       EMM386 [ON|OFF|AUTO] [W=ON|OFF]

       Parameters:
       
       ON                Enables the EMM386 device driver
       OFF               Disables the EMM386 device driver
       AUTO              Device driver placed in auto mode
       W=ON              Enables Weitek math coprocessor
       W=OFF             Disables Weitek math coprocessor

       Note that a few software applications will not work with the 
       EMM386 driver due to virtual-8086 CPU operation of EMM386. 
       Placing EMM386 in either OFF mode (shuts driver off until 
       reactivated with the ON command) or AUTO mode (automatically 
       disables when application begins, then enables EMM386 when 
       application exits) solves this problem. You cannot switch EMM386 
       to OFF or AUTO mode when EMM386 is providing expanded memory to 
       an application such as your spreadsheet or if there are TSR 
       software programs or device drivers loaded into upper memory 
       which EMM386 is managing.
       
       -- HELP -- (External)

       This command provides help/reminder screens about DOS command 
       syntax and use. To obtain a complete list of all DOS commands, 
       simply type HELP at the DOS prompt. Slightly faster, if you need 
       help with only a single command is to type  HELP /?  
       
       If you know the specific DOS command for which you need help,
       simply type HELP and the command name. (Example) HELP COPY

       HELP syntax is:

       HELP [command]
       
       -- HIMEM.SYS -- (External)

       This device driver manages extended memory including the HMA 
       (high memory area) and prevents programs from simultaneously 
       using the same area of memory. HIMEM.SYS is usually installed 
       via a statement in your CONFIG.SYS file and should precede in 
       the CONFIG.SYS file other device drivers which use extended 
       memory such as EMM386, SMARTDRIVE.SYS or RAMDRIVE.SYS. 

       -- LOADHIGH -- (External) 

       Allows the user to load a TSR program such as a calculator or 
       other "popup" program into the upper memory area of RAM.

       LOADHIGH syntax is:

       LOADHIGH [d:] [path] filename [parameters]

       Parameters:
       
       filename          Name of the program to load into high memory
       parameters        Parameters used by the program loaded

       Warning: note that LOADHIGH will, without notice, load a program 
       into conventional lower memory if there is insufficient upper 
       memory to accomplish the task. LOADHIGH will not warn you of 
       this result, but you can use the MEM/C command to determine 
       where the program was loaded or to verify memory configuration 
       if in doubt. 
       
       -- MEM -- (External)

       This DOS 5.0 utility provides a concise listing of memory use. 
       It provides information on which programs, device drivers and 
       buffers are in use, memory consumed, free memory and location of 
       all software. Works with conventional, expanded and extended 
       memory. 

       MEM syntax is:

       MEM [/CLASSIFY|/DEBUG|PROGRAM]

       Parameters:
       
       /CLASSIFY         Provide list of programs in conventional and 
       or /C             upper memory
       
       /DEBUG            Provide list of programs and device drivers
       or /D             loaded in memory
       
       /PROGRAM          Provide list of programs in memory
       or /P

       The /C parameter switch is perhaps the most useful for 
       determining contents of upper memory and may called from a batch 
       file such as AUTOEXEC.BAT to confirm critical upper memory 
       usage. 

       -- MIRROR -- (External)

       This unique utility creates a special "tracking" file which 
       stores the location of files which have been deleted but can be 
       located and "unerased" with the UNDELETE and UNFORMAT commands. 
       By keeping a detailed record of deleted files by loading MIRROR, 
       chances are improved for file recovery in case an unwanted 
       deletion occurs. It can also backup a copy of the hard disk 
       partition tables to floppy in case of massive file deletions or 
       virus infection. MIRROR has three distinct functions. 

       MIRROR syntax and parameters are:

       MIRROR /PARTN     Creates a backup copy of hard disk partition
                         tables.

       MIRROR d: [/1]    Creates MIRROR disaster recovery file used by
                         UNFORMAT command

       MIRROR /Tdrive[-entries] [...]
       
                         The above command places MIRROR in memory 
                         resident mode and provides deletion tracking
                         in memory which can be used by the UNDELETE 
                         command

       MIRROR /U         Removes the MIRROR utility from memory

       Parameters:

       /PARTN            Makes backup of disk partition tables
       /1                Retains only latest disk information
       /Tdrive           Provide deletion tracking for drive specified
       entries           Within a range of 1 to 999, provide deletion
                         tracking for the specified number of entries
                         for the specified drive


       The value of the MIRROR command lies in frequent use to prevent 
       data loss due to accidental formatting, virus infection or 
       other disk problems where sensitive files must be reliably 
       maintained.

       -- QBASIC -- (External)

       Entire volumes have been written about Qbasic, also known as 
       QuickBasic. It is a complete programming language that allows 
       you to design custom software for jobs which DOS programming cannot 
       provide. Qbasic provides a way to construct small databases, 
       printing software, calculators or simple business accounting 
       software. Qbasic, as delivered with DOS 5.0, is an interpreter 
       which must be present at all times along with your software 
       program. 
       
       A basic compiler, which is an entirely different programming 
       package, allows you to build standalone software packages which 
       do not require a Qbasic interpreter to be present. Qbasic 
       includes a workable program text editor for easy program 
       construction. Basic programs use the extension BAS. For example 
       you might see a file named BASEBALL.BAS which is run by loading 
       it into the Qbasic interpreter. If you load Qbasic then can't 
       figure how to get back to DOS, type the command  SYSTEM  then 
       hit the return key/press enter. 

       Qbasic syntax is:

       QBASIC [/B] [/EDITOR] [/G] [/H] [/MBF] [/NOHI] [[/RUN][d:]
               [path]filename]

       Parameters:                

       /B                Starts Qbasic in black and white mode
       /EDITOR           Starts only the DOS editor
       /G                Fast screen update on CGA displays
       /H                Display maximum number of lines
       /MBF              Change the internal Qbasic functions as follows:
                         CVD to CVDMBF
                         CVS to CVSMBF
                         MKS$ to MKSMBF$
                         MKD$ to MKDMBF$
       /NOHI             Suppress colors in high intensity hues
       /RUN              Run program specified by filename
       filename          Name of Basic program to run

       You can now run a Qbasic program from a batch file, then return 
       control back to the original batch file. Use the /RUN parameter 
       switch and make the final statement in the Qbasic program  SYSTEM.

       -- SETVER --  (External)

       This small, but necessary utility is of use when you need to 
       reset the internal DOS version number - such as DOS 5.0 - to an 
       earlier version number so that older software which checks this 
       number will run reliably. SETVER also updates a list of 
       programs and the required DOS version number each program needs. 
       If a program refuses to load and run or reports an incorrect DOS 
       version number, SETVER may be the utility you need. Simply add 
       the name of the problem software application and required DOS 
       version number to the SETVER data list. Note that SETVER only 
       works when it is loaded with a DEVICE or DEVICEHIGH statement 
       in the CONFIG.SYS file. When you update or change entries in the 
       SETVER data table, you must restart your computer to update the 
       changes. 

       SETVER syntax is: 

       SETVER [d:path] [filename] [n.nn] [/DELETE] [/QUIET] 

       Parameters: 
       
       d:path            Drive and path where SETVER is stored
       filename          Filename of software program to which a
                         version number is given
       n.nn              Version number to report: 2.11, for example
       /DELETE           Delete an entry from the SETVER data table
       /QUIET            Remove/suppress messages when /DELETE
                         is active

       -- SHELL -- (External)

       This utility is a versatile menu system which lets you move, 
       copy, delete, view and manage files with a point and click menu 
       interface. File viewing is available in either ASCII plaintext 
       or hexadecimal display mode. An onboard task switcher lets you 
       start a software application, freeze the screen and data, exit 
       to a different application then later return to your first 
       application where you left off. New file management capabilities 
       allow you to search an entire hard drive for a file, alter file 
       attributes and even associate data files with a parent software 
       application. Once the data is associated or "linked" to its 
       parent software application, you can start the program simply by 
       clicking on the data file - such as a spreadsheet template or 
       word processing document. The shell display operates in graphics 
       modes including 43 and 60 line displays. The shell consists of 
       several operational files and help screens such as SHELLB.COM, 
       SHELLC.EXE, SHELL.ASC, SHELL.CLR, SHELL.HLP and SHELL.MEU.

       -- SMARTDRIVE.SYS -- (External)

       This utility creates a disk cache in RAM memory which can speed 
       up the performance of software applications which frequently 
       access the hard drive. By using a cache, frequently needed data 
       is stored in a fast RAM cache memory area rather than waiting on 
       the more slowly accessed disk. By default, SMARTDRIVE.SYS is 
       installed to extended memory to conserve conventional memory 
       space for software applications. Using the /A switch after the 
       command forces installation to expanded memory. Since 
       SMARTDRIVE.SYS is a device driver, it must be installed as a 
       DEVICE statement in your CONFIG.SYS file. 
       
       -- UNDELETE -- (External)

       Allows accidentally deleted files to be recovered. Since DOS 
       deletes files by merely removing the filename from a master 
       index called the allocation table, it is possible to recover the 
       data if a recovery attempt is made SOON after the file is 
       deleted to prevent newer files from eventually erasing the older 
       data. Using the DOS MIRROR program substantially increases the 
       recovery chance from file deletion disasters.
       
       UNDELETE syntax is: 

       UNDELETE [[d:][path]filename] [/LIST|/ALL] [/DOS|/DT]

       Parameters: 
       
       filename          Name of file(s) to undelete
       /LIST             List the file which might be recoverable
       /ALL              Undelete all files without prompting for
                         first letter of each filename
       /DOS              Ignore delete tracking file
       /DT               Use delete tracking file
       
       A quick shortcut if you need to undelete several files without 
       halting to supply the first letter of each one is to move to the 
       directory where the files were stored by using the CHANGE 
       DIRECTORY or CD command, then enter   UNDELETE /ALL. Since you 
       are in the directory in question, UNDELETE will recover all 
       files which you can later rename if necessary.

       -- UNFORMAT -- (External)

       Provides the capability to restore the directory structure of a 
       floppy or hard disk which has been accidentally formatted with 
       the FORMAT command or restructured with the RECOVER command.
       Also provides capability to rebuild damaged hard disk 
       partition/allocation tables. Works with local drives - will not 
       work with drives which are part of a LAN (local area network.)
       Use UNFORMAT to display hard disk partition info by typing the 
       command: UNFORMAT /PARTN /L

       UNFORMAT syntax is: 

       UNFORMAT /PARTN [/L]    Restores hard drive partition table

       UNFORMAT d: [/U] [/L] [/TEST] [/P]
                               Above unformats a hard or floppy disk

       UNFORMAT d: /J          Verifies that a disk contains MIRROR
                               data file
       
       Parameters:

       /PARTN                  Saves copy of hard disk partition tables
       
       /L                      Displays partition info for selected
                               drive. Without the /L switch: list every
                               file and subdirectory found and ignore 
                               MIRROR data file if existent.

       /U                      Unformat a disk without using MIRROR
                               data file

       /TEST                   Perform test unformat. Do not actually
                               unformat.

       /P                      Send report/data to printer port LPT1

       /J                      Verify MIRROR data file

       ---------------------------------------------------------------- 
       
                         DOS COMMAND FUNCTIONAL INDEX

       --------------------------------------------------------------- 
       
       Curiously, most computer manuals list DOS commands arranged 
       alphabetically rather than by FUNCTION, in logical groupings. 
       
       Next, a brief functional index which is helpful for most 
       beginners. These tutorials do not attempt to present every 
       DOS command, since some are best reviewed from your primary DOS 
       manual. However, once you study this index, you will probably be 
       able to locate the DOS command you need in your DOS manual. 

       File management commands:
       
       ATTRIB            Change or display file attributes
       COMP              Compare two files
       COPY              Copy one or several files
       DEL               Delete one or several files
       DIR               Display directory listing
       ERASE             Delete one or several files
       FC                Compare two files
       RENAME (REN)      Rename file or files
       REPLACE           Replace current files
       VERIFY            Turn on/off write accuracy verification check
       XCOPY             Copy one or several files
       
       Disk management commands:

       ASSIGN            Redirect disk access to alternate drive
       CHDIR (CD)        Change directory, display current directory
       CHKDSK            Check disk/files for fragmention, optional repair
       DISKCOMP          Compare floppy diskettes
       DISKCOPY          Produce identical copy of diskette
       JOIN              Join a drive to a directory
       MKDIR (MD)        Make a directory on disk
       RMDIR (RD)        Remove a directory from disk
       SUBST             Substitute drive for a directory
       TREE              Display directory organization of disk

       DOS command, help, menu and screen commands:
 
       APPEND            Set search path for non executable file
       CLS               Clear the monitor screen
       COMMAND           Start the central command processor
       DOSKEY            Start command line enchancer/macro features
       DOSSHELL          Start DOS shell/menu features/task switching
       EXPAND            Expand file(s) from stored/compressed state
       HELP              Display help for one or more DOS commands
       PATH              Set search path for executable files
       PROMPT            Configure the displayed screen prompt
       SET               Set environment variable
       SETVER            Set/reset DOS version number
       VER               Display version of DOS

       File disaster/recovery/prevention commands:

       BACKUP            Backup hard disk files to floppies
       MIRROR            Backup partition table/create delete tracking file
       RECOVER           Recover damaged files
       RESTORE           Restore files backed up with BACKUP
       SHARE             Start file-sharing utility for LAN networks
       UNDELETE          Recover accidentally deleted files
       UNFORMAT          Unformat/recover formatted disk

       Batch file commands:

       CALL              Call/start one batch file from another
       ECHO              Turn on/off screen echo, display message
       EXIT              Stop command processor
       FOR               Run command once for each element of a repetition
       GOTO              Jump to another line of a batch program
       IF                Run command if condition stated is satisfied
       PAUSE             Pause batch program execution until key press
       REM               Remark/comment in batch program
       SHIFT             Shift replaceable parameters to left

       Text file commands:

       EDIT              Start full screen editor/mini-word processor
       EDLIN             Start rudimentary line editor
       FIND              Locate a search string of characters
       MORE              Display data one screen at a time
       SORT              Sort text file data into sequential order
       TYPE              Display internal contents of file

       Disk setup and configuration commands:

       FASTOPEN          Install cache for rapid disk use
       FDISK             Configure hard disk partition(s)
       FORMAT            Prepare disk to receive data
       LABEL             Modify, label or delete disk volume label
       SYS               Copy DOS system files to disk
       VOL               Display disk volume label and serial number

       RAM Memory setup and configuration commands:
       
       EMM386            Install 80386 high memory manager
       LOADFIX           Load program above 64K memory area
       LOADHIGH          Load program into upper memory area
       MEM               Display memory use map

       Hardware setup, keyboard, printing and configuration commands:

       BREAK             Turn on/off break testing
       CHCP              Change code page (foreign keyboard)
       CTTY              Set console device
       DATE              Display or set date 
       GRAFTABL          Install graphics characters (foreign keyboard)
       GRAPHICS          Install graphics screen printing capability
       KEYB              Install alternate keyboard layout 
       MODE              Configure printer or modem ports, screen
       NLSFUNC           Install language support capabilities
       PRINT             Print spooler installation
       TIME              Display or set time

       Writing programs, changing programs:

       DEBUG             Start machine code debugger/assembler
       EXE2BIN           Convert EXE format file to COM format file
       QBASIC            Start Quick Basic interpreter programming 
                         system
 
       Tutorial finished. Be sure to order your FOUR BONUS DISKS which 
       expand this software package with vital tools, updates and 
       additional tutorial material for laptop users! Send $20.00 to 
       Seattle Scientific Photography, Department LAP, PO Box 1506, 
       Mercer Island, WA 98040. Bonus disks shipped promptly! Some 
       portions of this software package use sections from the larger 
       PC-Learn tutorial system which you will also receive with your 
       order. Modifications, custom program versions, site and LAN 
       licenses of this package for business or corporate use are 
       possible, contact the author. This software is shareware - an 
       honor system which means TRY BEFORE YOU BUY. Press escape key to 
       return to menu. 
       
       
