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0@JCopyright (c) 1986 Spectrum Training Corporation.  All rights reserved.S !      J 	INTRODUCTION   	About This CourseM Telecommunications--a field that is growing so fast and so competitively--O touches our lives in increasingly complex ways.  Still, it remains largely a0	 mystery, even to many people in the industry.S %  $  #  "  Q If you're in telecommunications sales or support, or in any area that requires? you to work with telecommunications, you need to understand:S #  Phone
equipment--both old and newS $  $Phone equipment--both old and new (The complexities of the phone networkS %  $Phone equipment--both old and new (The complexities of the phone network .The wide range of services available today.S &   $Phone equipment--both old and new (The complexities of the phone network .The wide range of services available today.S '   	   P This course provides you with a solid introduction to these issues by dealing) with the basics of telecommunications.S +  *  )  (  M	 In addition to equipment, networks, and services, you'll see how the phone
 system is:S )  $Composed of hundreds of companiesS *  $Composed of hundreds of companies <Works without most people's awareness of its complexitiesS +  $Composed of hundreds of companies <Works without most people's awareness of its complexities <Combines old and new technologies within the same system.S -  ,   $Composed of hundreds of companies <Works without most people's awareness of its complexities <Combines old and new technologies within the same system.S - C In the brief introduction that follows, you'll see how essentialAunderstanding telecommunicationshas become.S .    	   1 ... A world without your phone.  Your response- may be one of joy or dread, but either way04	7p        the impact would be dramatic.
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C| 
DpPay to_____9an out-of-state check is valid and even electronically@LAC| DpFor________0transfers the money when the check is cashed.@LAC|            @LA@CHECKING
Hp        3=  Money management accounts, offered by several financial@p   CDp  FSAVINGS 3services, allow a computer to automatically move@p ACG  EOMONEYJG  LĿNp 6predetermined funds into high-interest money market@p ABp CG 	DOMARKETJG  Lp MNp 8accounts when these funds are idle.  Once again these	@CREDITFp G  SECUR--transfers are done via telecommunications.@CARDSEp F   ITIES S 8    	   @@Bt WORLD CARD 15  Credit card validation - when a clerk runs your@Ap              3credit card through a machine, the card's number@Ap  DMR. JOHN T.0is sent to a central computer, and validated.@Ap  DACCOUNT# 72	@	Ap	B@ 2:  Scanners in grocery stores - are tied into a central@B@             
 
computer over a
local network
$and are often tied to a
@
B@  
DSTOP & SAVE6central facility, too.  This allows a store to send@B@  DF@ H@K@3inventory information to its warehouse and place@B@  DF@ "orders before supplies run low.@p@ 3>  Video shopping - a reality in some parts of the country.@
Ap KLp  N :You can "shop" from a video catalog on your home TV, or@Ap CPlaceHpLMp N:elsewhere.  You can get details on products and prices,@Ap 
Byour orderL N6place an order, and have it delivered to your home.@
Ap KL Mp N@S 8    	   @ 16  Your airline reservations, whether you make them@A 2over the phone or with a travel agent, are sent@ACDestinationN:5electronically to an airline's reservation system.@A
CArrivalJ:2Ticket information is sent back and printed for@ACDepartureL:	you.	@	A		CSeat #	I:@@tA@ BOC@ 
DOWELCOMEK@   Nt
 

29
  Hotel reservation systems are similar.  Many hotels
@
A@     
FOTO	
H@      
N allow you to call atoll-free$number to make a@A@  COTHE PINEK@ LOM@ N%reservation anywhere in the world.@A@  COTREE INNK@   N@
AKL 3  Many hotels now providetelecommunication links6forAKL:M 1business travelers using personal computers toAK4communicate information back to their home office
AKL@            S 8    	   I In this course, you'll learn how the present phone system is a complex network composed of: p                         G                          4p                         	 p 	G 	OA	G 	p     	
HARDWARE
	p       	G 	H	p 	B	p 	G     	$OSOFTWARE   	/G     	5p 	7@ 	8OC	9@ 	:p   
	= SERVICES 
	Gp       
 p                  
 
p   
G 
H
G                      
5p                     p                   p  G   D 1G   5K p     
p       p  G  1G   5p   :ͻKp   
 p  
p 

p  
G  

p
1G   
5p   
:
@TIME
H
Kp    p   p  p 

p       G  &p)1G   5p   :
>SHARINGHKp    p    ɼp 

p       G  p1G   5p   :@INC.HKp    p    ɼp 

p       G  'p(1G   5p   :HKp    p    ɼp 

p       G  'p(1G   5p   :ͼKp    p    ɼ	p      G  1G   5p   Kp    p  p	p  G  /G     5p                          p  G                          5p                         M To see more on any of these topics, press A, B, or C.  After reviewing allKp three, press D to continue.S @ Select A-D S =    G    S    V   S You'll learn about the hardware of the phone system; that is, the equipment thatD is used to make telecommunications possible.  You'll learn about:S >  	 	Types of Phones	Rotary"Push Button
@FeatureB
	                                    ܱ         ܱ,.           ܱIJ

Ŀ߱
%&')*Ŀ.߱05ı@ABFGJ߱LMĿ,-.0
5 <= MNȻOOȻ!%'),-5NȻOOȻ!%'),-58:<>@BDFHJLMNȻOOȻ!%'),-58:<>@ABCDEFGHIJLMNȻٱȻ ٱ,-58:<>@BDFHJLMN .4ٱ@ABCDEFGHIJLMN .4OS ? >  	   	   Key Systems<	- multiple phone systems often found in small businesses.p
p
'
Cp  p'p1p CpMp p 
p 'p   *
+p 5Cp   F
Gp p  
p pp"t #'t   +,p-.p/0p 25p?t @Ct   FpGHpIJpKLpMt p p pp   
p 'p+,p-.p/0p 5p   8
9p CpGHpIJpKLpMt p 
p p   p   pp !p 't   +-/1t 5p   9:p;<p=>p Ct   GIKMt p 
p pppp !p 'x5p9:p;<p=>p Cxp 
p p   p    p !p 5p   9:p;<p=>p xpx5xS @ ?  	   
	   PBXsI	- a central switching system that routes hundreds or even thousands of'

calls within and outside a business.

G 
H
G 1
                  H@ H@             H@ 1"             @ H@   OPRIVATE  @ H@ Ȼ"#'1Ȼ459CȻFGK H@ H@             H@ "#'(459:FGK@ H@   
OBRANCH @   H@ /!                     H@ H@             H@ 1                @ H@  O EXCHANGE@  H@ 5               H@ H@             H@ Ȼ(Ȼ+,0:Ȼ=>B@ H@ +,01=>B H*          S A @  	   	   The Central Office;	- a central switching system in your town used to direct
calls locally.
% 
,p p                    pt		pp     $ %
-p      	ApGtHp
p     $ 	&	-p      
B	

@ p     $ &  CO*p  	-p      BCDEFGH@ 	@         "p  $ 	&p      	-p      3BCH     H@ 	@ 
@ 
@ p     $ 	&	-p      BCDEFGH@ 	H      p     $ %	-p      B	CH      p                    % ,p S B A  	   	 
	Various	distribution systems	!used to connect two users	::@p   pt @p p   
p @p A
CpJp   	p
p
p ȻȻȻȻȻȻ4ɼɼɼɼɼɼ@CpDFHJp	p
p
p @pDFHJp    p
p @DFHJx@xS C  	   H OCoaxial Cable -+G ,O  	.H      H Oa multiple line cable1H   
L 
Oused to connect most of
3L L Othe phone network.     3L L OCable is efficient and2L  O relatively inexpensive. O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _p_\p_\p_ \!p_"\#p_$\%p_&\'p_(\)p_*\+p_,\-p_.\/p_0\1p_2\3p_@ L                        L OIt can be difficult to2L  L Oinstall across rough    H Oterrain or bodies of   3H O water like the ocean.   S D  	   O Fiber Optics - extremely  O thin glass fibers bundled 
O together in a cable.      O These fibers carry laser  O encoded information at    O extremely high speeds.    O                           4O                           O The cables are very effi- O cient and take up a frac- O tion of the space of 0L   3O  O coaxial cable.            S E  	    ..O                         4 . ..O Microwaves - radio      4 .
 ..
O signals that carry data,
4 . ..O voice and video through 4 . ..L Othe air.           /L     4 . ..O                        3L 4 . ..L O                        4 .ȻG O\G                   1O/3G 4 ..L O \L  O))))))))))))) /1L 2O3L 4 . ..L OL O \ L               /O/0L  2O3L 4 . ..L O___\!L             .O/___3L 4 . ..L OĿ!L            	-O Ŀ3L 4 . ..O ĳ             ĳ 4 .S F  	   
 .......................... .2                                                .2                                               
 .2
                                                .2p                                               J ..... .p Cellular Radio -
,p          6 ...................Ip J ..... .p used to connect   .p        6 ...................Ip J ..... .p car phones to the-p         6 .....
=_______D .....Ip J .....p tp t)))))))))))))))))))))))6 .	7))___/
= .......D\__G ..Ip J ..... .p phone network.*p  ,In.p        6 ..8______________H .Ip J ..... .p the future, it will
/p       6 ....:O
; ..........EOF ...Ip J ..... .p be used for all types1p     6 ...................Ip J ..... .p of portable phones.
/p       6 ..................Ip J ....2S <    	    Software programsare used by computers to
+control
3and supply>information+ to the phone system.  Software includes:S H   	 p                          
 p Giant databases of phone  p number assignments, who   p they're assigned to,     
 p addresses, etc.           p                           p   t   G                t  p   p t   G    
O555-1634G    t  p   p t   G    
O555-1635G    t  p   p t   G    
O555-1636G    t  p   p t   G    
O555-1637G    t  p   p t   G                t  p   p t   Gt p      p                          S I  	   	p                          
p Switching instructions   p that tell phone network  p hardware how to connect  
p two lines.               p                          p "p                 p w  
"|ͻ)p            p w p"p#w $p 	%@      
+p          
p          %@ &O????*@ 
+p          
p          	%@      +p 2p p             	(|.p2p   p                  2p  p                          S J  	   	6p                          
6p Transmission instructions6p are coded information    6p indicating the number    
6p being dialed, the status 6p of the call, its         6p duration, etc.           6p                          6p 7t>?555-1636Gt>Op 
6p          @     Ep           6p 
7t<ABUSY
EtOp 6p                          6p 
7t>>O SECONDS
Gt>Np  6p                          S K   	   = Hardware and software are limited when used independently.<Their power is seen when they are
integratedor combined.",For example, cellular telephone networks are composed of: Hardware$
- the phones and the transmitters
 
Software<

- that monitors the call and switches it to the next cellas the car moves.	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  
_______!p  %p  =p  @    @	p  __/\___!p  %w  =p  B@     @    @	p  ______________!p  %p  =p  	B@     @@	p  OO!p  %p  =p  @@C@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p%p۱S N M L   	   	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p   ....
_______
 .......!p  %p  =p  @    ))	p  ))))__/\___!p  %w  =p  C@     @    ((	p  ((((______________!p  %p  =p  	B@     @@	p  	 ......O
 ..........O ....!p  %p  =p  @@C@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p&p۱S M 	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  
 ..........
_______ .....!p  %p  =p  @    ))	p  	))))))__/
 .......\___!p  %w  =p  C@     @    ((	p  	((((((______________!p  %p  =p  	B@     @@	p   ........O
 ..........O ..!p  %p  =p  	B@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p&p۱S N 	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p   ............
_______ ...!p  %p  =p  @    ))	p  )))))))) .__/
 .......\__!p  %w  =p  B@     @    ((	p  ((((((((_____________!p  %p  =p  	B@     @@	p  
 ..........O
 .......... O!p  %p  =p  	B@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p&p۱S Q P O 	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p   ...............
_______!p  %p  =p  @    ))	p  ))))))))))) .__/
 .......!p  #\_%w  =p  C@     @    ((	p  (((((((((((__________!p  #__%p  =p  	B@     @@	p   .............O ........!p  #O$ .%p  ' ......................=p  @@C@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p&p۱S P 	p                          %p                          	p   ....................!p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p   ......................!p  #__%p  '__3 .........=p  @    ))	p  )))))))))))))))))) .__/!p  # ..%w  ' .)\___
0 ..........; .=p  C@     @    ((	p  ((((((((((((((((((___!p  #__%p  
'______1 ........: ..=p  	B@     @@	p   ....................O!p  # ..%p  ' ...*O+ ............8 ...=p  	B@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p&p۱S Q 	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p   ......................!p  # ..%p  ' ....+________=p  @     ...	p   ......................!p  # ..%w  ' .(__/+ ........3\___=p  C@     @     ...	p   ......................!p  # ..%p  '_______________=p  	B@     @ ....	p   ......................!p  # ..%p  ' ..)O
* ..........4O
5 .......=p  	B@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p%p۱S R   	p                          %p                          	p  !p  %p  =p  	p  !p  %p  =p  	p   ......................!p  # ..%p  	' ......
-_______6 .=p  @     ...	p   ......................!p  # ..%w  ' ...*__/
- .......4\___8 .9))))=p  @))B@     @     ...	p   ......................!p  # ..%p  ' ..)______________9((((=p  @((	B@     @ ....	p   ......................!p  # ..%p  ' ....+O
, ..........6O	7 ......=p  	B@۱	p  !p  %p  =p  	p                          %p                          p%p۱S <    	   D Services are provided over the phone system in a variety of ways.p                         p Some are available from 	p phone companies:        
p                         px @ H p  
Long distance	p      px p                      
p
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p  

WATS lines
p         px p                      px @ H p  
Private lines	p      px p                      ppx @ H p  
Tie lines
p          px p                      pS T  	   	p                         
p Others from companies   p that specialize in:     p                         
p 
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 Facsimile or Image
2p p xp                      p x@ H p   Data Transmission1p  p xp                      p x@ H p   Voice Message .p     p xp   
 Systems'p            p                 +p        p     p                    pS U  	   2p                            #0p Also available are a vari- !
0p ety of computer services:  !0p                            0p2x 4@ 5H 6p  8Time Sharing Ep         0p2x 5p                         0p2x 4@ 5H 6p  8Electronic Mail
Gp       0p2x 5p                         0p2x 4@ 5H 6p  8Computer NetworksIp     0p2x 5p                         0p2                 Cp           0p2         ;p                    0pS <    	   0 Of course, as you no doubt realize, the phone, system has become an integral part of our+ lives.  In this course you'll learn more04	7p      & about this system and how it works.
079;<x 0۱<x 	0۱	<x 
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\/	      POOF!/\S X  ..........................	 ....	
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
 .....p          ! .. ..
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 ..... ..p  ! .... ...
 ..... .. ..p  ! ... ...
ͻ ..p  ! .... .........Ȼ .. ..p  ! ... .........Ȼͱ
p  " ...!" .S Y    	   E Throughout this course you'll be learning about telecommunicationsChardwareK, software, andservices.S
 The next six segments will introduce you to the wide variety of issues important to this growing field.Q As you progress through the course, you'll complete interactive exercises thatR will help you to see how all of these topics are interrelated, and how they are? crucial to your overall understanding of telecommunications.S [  Z [  	     O  ͻ  J 	INTRODUCTION  O   ͼ   O       S l M Now you can select from any of the topics below.  You can take them in any4 order and review them more than once if you like.7 p                                                  4w    8p                      	 x	H 	OA	H 	p  	w   		G 	
OIT'S ALL	G 	w   	p   	x	H 	OB	H 	p    	"@ INFORMATION 	/p    	4x	5H 	6OC	7H 	8p     
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Fp        Q p xH ODH p     	G FROM BELL 	p     xH OEH p     #G $@ CHANGES,G -@ 	.p     4x5H 6OF 8p     
=G          
Gp        xp    G    TO     	p     xp    !G   &@ AND*G   -@ 	.p     4x7p    ;G >OSERVICESFG 	Gp      M 
 p       G BABY BELLSp            !G $@ CHOICES,G -@ .p            ;G >ORENDEREDFG 
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 p       Gp             !G-p             ;GFp        Q p                                                                            ( After reviewing all six topics, press&G(to continue.&pS @ Select A-G Skakbkckdkekfkg m [   [   [  FF wv[  [  ] S [  Z % You are at the end of this module. Press the 
space bar to exit the module.S @ Press space S ^ 	  S    .	Your Choice! ..............................S `  .	Analog and Digital ..................S a  .	Voice ..........................S b  .	Data
 ...........................S c  .	Video ..........................S d  .
	Sending .
Digital .Data ...........S e  .
	Advantages .....................S f  .	Disadvantages ..................S g S @ Press space S  S     G____ O    	 G___ \_O   O   G\__@(OS    O  ͻ   O   ͼ   O       S    O  ͻ   O   ͼ   O       S l   G____ O    	 G___ \_O   O   G\__@(OS [   J 	INTRODUCTION:  Unit 1   	It's All Just Bits To Me Perspectives on the Industry" This part of the course defines	 analog'and
+digital3as they relate to	 telecommunications.: It shows how communication, whether it's in the form of8voice=,?dataC,EorHvideoM, can be transmitted in either	analog$or
'digital/form.  It also describes the9 advantages and drawbacks of each type of transmission.pp tp@   	 O VOICE&@    *tĿ.p t-t.@   	OANALOG@   	t@    !ODATA%@     *t
/6@  8O DIGITAL@@  Bt-t.t@    !OVIDEO&@    *t.t S n `  n g 	  g  p   Analog Signal 	 AnalogGrefers to a continuous type of transmission, such as voice, which isF carried in a form very similar or analogous to the original signal. To better understand	analogwould you like to see:
 
p 
A 
A more detailed definition?   B Some everyday examples?   C )A specific telecommunications example? = Press A, B, or C to review any of these, or D to continue.S @ Select A-D S o n  p n  q n  r 	 n  p   Analog Signal- Detailed Definition O Analog voice transmission occurs by changing spoken words into an electricalN signal.  Although the phone network is not carrying the voice itself, it isQ
 carrying an electrical signal that changes just like the original words changeC as they enter the mouthpiece.  That is, the electrical signal isAmodulatedJ, orG changed in relationship to the changes in the original voice signal.S n n 	  g  Everyday Examples of Analog: A 33 rpm LP record is an	analog+$recording of sound.  Tiny grooves in theLplastic vary slightly, but their relationship to each allows the original-sound to be replayed through an amplifier. KThe size of ripples in a pond change based on the size of a stone thrownHinto the water.  Small stones make small ripples; large stones, large
ripples. GA tin can telephone--two cans with a string stretched between them--Itransmits sound waves by carrying vibrations from the first can, along the string, to the other can.S n n 	  g & Telecommunication example of Analog Voice signals are used tomodulate'or	*change1an electrical signal flowingLbetween two phones.  Higher frequency (higher pitch) sounds create higherI
frequency electrical signals.  In the same way, lower frequency (lower<pitch) sounds produce lower frequency electrical signals.S n n 	  g  p   Digital Signal " A digital signal is composed of on#and'off&+pulses.  Each on or off signal is a bitLof information.  Many digital signals can be sent over the frequency usedP for a single voice signal.  Under many conditions digital signals can also beM	 sent much faster than analog signals.  They can be carried over wires likeQ
 analog signals, but can be carried more efficiently over microwave radio links or fiber optics networks.6
 To better understand digital would you like to see: p A A more detailed definition?   B Some simple examples?   C 9Some examples of digital telecommunications equipment? < Press A, B or C to review any of these, or D to continue.S @ Select A-D S s r  t r  u r  v r  p   Digital Signal- Detailed Definition . Digital signals are unique because they are,discrete4.  That is, since they are	 eitheron
or
offA, there's no in-between.  Because of this, digital signals canQ
 be transmitted easily.  They can be sent long distances with many rebroadcastsS without any loss in the quality of the final signal.  It is important to realize% that digital signals are a form of#code)(that has a defined meaning.  This code0 can be used to represent numbers and letters.(	)ĿĿCVOICEĳĳĳĳ
%G       .TRANSLATION>/CDATACODED%G   ()G   ,>TRANSMISSION
   
%G       >\CVIDEOS r r 	  g * Some Simple Examples of Digital Signals GWhen Paul Revere said "One if by land, two if by sea," this code was<very much like a digital signal.  It has two distinct (or>discreteF)parts.  And it carried vital!information,.Fp	5p
5p 
6x
7|
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Hx  +A digital watch - turns on and off seven4p 6x7p   :|;p < >x?p   B|Cp D|Ep   Hx *segments of the display for each number5p 6|:x;p <  >x?|Cp D|Ix #
to make all ten digits possible.
5p 
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Ix 5p  7|:p     ?|Bp   E|Hx   A light switch - is eitheron"or%off&(.  By looking at a light switch you
receiveinformation&about whether a light is on or off.S r r 	  g + Some Digital Telecommunication Equipment Modem
- short forModulator/ Dem)#odulator; a piece of computer hardwareMthat converts digital information from a computer into signals that can be!sent over regular phone lines. Fiber-Optic Cable%- flexible glass fibers that carry9laser light
Ethat ispulsed onandoff4at very high speeds to carry digital information. T1 LinesB
- special lines designed to carry data transmissions in digitalKform.  They can carry 24 voice channels and allow speeds of 1.54 millionbits per second.S r r 	  g   Advantages of Digital Signals Digital signals areaccurate0!- they are not as easily affected by distanceand line noise.
 
Digital signals are
fast4
- special lines can carry up to 1.54 million bitsof information per second. Digital signals areefficient0"- dozens of digital signals can be carried inthe space required for just one$analog signal. Digital signals areeasily stored'&- whether on magnetic tape, computerJdisks, in a computer memory.  Analog signals are much more difficult tostore and manipulate.S w `  w g 	  g  Analog and Digital It may be easy to think ofvoice!as	$analog+information and;computerDoutput as
 digital.information, but it's important to realize: EThat the phone system carries both analog and digital information. NAlthough much voice communication is carried in an analog form, it is oftenLconverted to digital form when sent over parts of the phone network (likemicrowave transmission).  Even though computers produce
"digital)*output, often this output is converted(by a
modem9) into an analog form and sent over the phone network.S x y x 	  g N Let's look at the types of information carried by the phone network in more
 detail., You can review these topics in any order. p                         G                          4p                          p G OAG p     
VOICE    	p      G Hp Bp G     $ODATA       /G     5p 7@ 8OC9@ :p   
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HELLO?p t     @ $@ %O"100010110101@   5p   8Kt Lp   t    p             t   @   $@  &O101110000101@   5p   89_/\__>?-----DE__/\_JKt Lp   t    pt  p 	t   p   pt   @   $@  &O100001010011"3@ 5p   8Kt Lp   t    pt p 	t  p    pt   @   $@                5p                          t     p  	t   p pppt   @ $@                5p   810:00 A.M.:Cp            t     pȻt  @ ::::$@                5p   8TELECONFERENCE WITH  Mp  t            pt  @                          5p   8SALES MANAGERS.
Gp       M To see more on any of these topics, press A, B, or C.  After reviewing allKp three, press D to continue. R@ Select A-D S z a h   b h   c h  [ _ k _ h   J 	INTRODUCTION    .	Information< .........................................................S z Q When you speak, your voice sets off a complex group of air movements.  A phoneK picks up these air movements and converts them into electrical impulses.	 @                         
 @                      @                     @                    @ 
 @  "HELLO?" ))))         @                \       @    @     @      .   @  
@         @  	
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@        ɼ   @  	
@     ͼ     @  	
@ ͼ        @ O @                         S { { g 	  g 
 Your phonetransmits7these electrical signals over the phone network to a central office2(or CO), the local telphone company (or TELCO).S } } g 	  g | 	p                         
p                         p                         p                         
p    
0p    p    #ͻ0p    p    
# LOCAL+0p    p    #%TELCO+0p    p    #ͼ0p    p    
$CENTRAL0p    p    	$OFFICE0p    p    0p    0p                         S { { g 	  g  From the	central office:(CO), your signal is routed to its destination based onF the number you dialed, and then converted back into a voice signal.S  h 	  g ~ 	7@                         
7@  
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=@       E@     K@     7@  9P=@     M@   7@  Ȼ     EGIM@   7@  Ȼ       EGIM@   7@  ͻ   EGIM@   7@      EGIM@   
7ON@  7@                         S { { g 	  g K If it was a local call, it's possible that the call was transmitted in a
 completely	analogform.  But if the call was-long distance:, it's very likelyK that it was converted into a digital form, transmitted further, and thenG converted back to an analog form before arriving at its destination.:
 Do you think it's possible to make a long-distance call
8completely
Cin an	
Ianalog form?  Yes or No?S @ Select Y or N S      R
 You're right.  Long distance has been around longer than digital communication,Q so of course it's possible.  The drawback has always been problems with signal clarity and amplification.S  h 	  g K
 No, that's incorrect.  Long distance has been around longer than digitalF communications.  But it's easy to imagine an analog signal becomingDweakIand noisyGover long distances.  This is minimized by the use of higher qualityKcable andamplification.S  h 	  g R But digital links within the phone systems continue to increase.  Some, such asP microwave transmitters, permit communication through the air, without cables. Others, like
fiber optics7, allow for many fast transmissions in a fraction of" the space of traditional cable.3
 It's important to realize that the phone system: 
Is both	analogand
digital Can carryvoicesignals in either form 'Can convert one form into the other.	O                        -O                        	O               -O        	O              -O        	O                     -O                        3ANALOG VOICE                       DIGITAL VOICES x y h 	  g 3 The phone system was originally created to carry1voice7signals.  But today, with4 the growing use of computers at home and at work,2data communicationEneeds are	 growing, too. DataM, usually information being sent to or from a computer, can be transmitted" over the phone system in either
 digital(or	+analog2form.  Let's look at both methods.S  j d  g 	  g P Since computers produce digital information, it's easy to send this data overS the phone network if you have the right type of equipment.  Which type would you like to learn more about?	 p                         	G                          	4p                         
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;GEp          p                       G                          5p                         6 Press A, B, or C to review these, or D to continue.S @ Select A-D S     h   i  h   
  h  x y h R Microwave radio links - are radio transmitters that can send telecommunicationsO information.  They can broadcast information, usually in digital form, where3 cabling is difficult, like over mountain ranges.	(7	  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )	B)
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7ܱ	AxGpHR S   	  g  g 	  g S Normally, a microwave transmitter has a maximum range of 30 miles.  Beyond this,F the curve of the earth interferes with the needed line-of-sight (an? unobstructed path between the transmitter and the receiver).(
 "$&(*,.02468:<>@BDFH)ڿHڿ( 30 MILES,ĴHS  O But microwave transmitters can be linked together into a network that passes5 the signal along from one transmitter to the next.
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0(#%)7:))%ڿ:(>ڿ%:ڿEI((:I))&	3x      9=pIڿڿ
x          !-x                 ADpI	x                     2x                    FHpI	
x                #:x                Jx                   "7x                      M x           "=x                 S   	  g S Or, using satellites, microwaves can be "bounced" into space and reflected back,J eliminating the line-of-sight problem caused by the curve of the earth.	!		$	*Ĵ
.
/..8..?..E.&	3x      9=p(
x          !-x                 ADpM)ڿ	x                     2x                    FHpMڿ	
x                #:x                JMx                   "7x                      M x           "=x                 S  d j  	  g  Fiber-optic networks<- use cables containing hundreds of flexible glass fibersO (thinner than a human hair) to carry information over light beams instead of over wires.(	(Ŀ
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+_______________________________
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( p\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\w p\\w p\\!=! Digital information is sent bylaser light+that is pulsed on and off at extremelyE
high speeds.  The laser pulses travel along the fine glass fibers.R Information can be sent fast enough to transmit a 2,500 page dictionary in less than six seconds.S  e h 	  g R Fiber optics are fast, efficient (they take up a fraction of the space requiredO for cable that could carry the same amount of information), and inexpensive.
 (They're made from
glass
, which is made from
-sand
1).N
 More and more fiber-optic cables are laid every year, especially in cities, wheredata communicationneeds are#high(and,space2for bulky cables is
FlimitedM..	....x_.x p::!x %.).,.6.<.ApEH.M. x x  .x .x x___x : p:!x %*./p12p8.ApBCxEx_I. x   .xxxx  p____$...,./pABxEx__L. x  x xx	xx x x p::::"x $x.../p25AxE:Fp:: x   xxxxx  x p::::"x $x..&./1p5AxBEp:F:Gp:Ip:::: x x  x
xxxx x x :: x:: $.%x../p12p5ABxE::Gp:Ip:::: x   x	xx x x :: ::"x $x...	(p::::::/p02p5AxBCxEp::G:Ip:J::: x     x
x	xx  	x :::: $.%x.&.'x	(p::::::/p5AEp:::Ip::::M:S  f h 	  g * Fiber optics also have their drawbacks:5p                           5p                            2Links between optical cables are more difficult5tABp CDt%	than wire cables since the flow of	'light
	-must be	5p                           
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5p           Ŀ          .with since they can't be bent sharply to go5t@@AtD@ Ep          around corners.5p           C@Ep          5p              CtEp            3They require sophisticated equipment to transmit5p                            and receive the laser pulses.5p    9t\  /	>p      DtCAUTION:Lp    5t_____   __________________5p     :t/\=p     BtLASER LIGHTMp   5p    9t/:p ;t<p =t\>p                  S  d j h 	  g 	 Modems, Modems are needed to convert a computer's
*digital2output to an	?analogFform that6 can be carried over analog phone lines.  Modems are4not8needed for digital phone6 systems (like digital PBXs or digital phone lines).
 A modem is usually a small
box4
wired between a computer and the phone system, or acircuit boardAthat is installed in the computer and then cabled to the phone
 system.'&'(!@         !@         !@         !@_________!O::::::!.!
S   g 	  g   Some sophisticated PBXs offerModem Pooling&+, a technique that shares a limitedM number of modems (built into the PBX) among all users of the system.  ThisQ allows data to be sent from any phone, without a separate modem at each phone.

 	VOICE8VOICE Ȼ   p                     /
 Ȼ
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p          $x___'p  )x.*+x.,p   p            &x'@     ,p   x:DATAp t   BUILT-IN&x'OMODEM,p   3ANALOG CONVERSIONt&x'@,p   /
 x       p            &x+p    
8OF DATAS  j  g 	  g O When the picturephone was announced by the Bell system in the 1960s, expertsQ agreed that within a few years most homes would have replaced their voice-only2	 phone with a phone capable of transmitting both	0voice	6and	:image	?.1 Although these predictions have not come true,/video5is playing a more important role in telecommunications.0/p        8/p 
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180S   g 	  g L Video signals require much higher capacities from the phone system.  As aQ comparison, a voice signal requires approximately 64,000 bits/second while oneJ	 second of color video signal requires 92 million bits (or 92 megabits).O Of course, full color, full motion video is not the only way to send images.3 Black and white video is much more efficient and1slow-scan;videoA(where an7 image is updated every few seconds) is even more so.S   g 	  g  Cable televisionBbroadcasts video signals over coaxial cable just like that usedP for telephone communications.  It is also possible to broadcast video signals@	 over microwave transmitters, or even over fiber-optic cables. You can see thatvideo:can be carried by the phone network just like voice andO data.  The major difference is the much higher information rate of the video
 signal.
CABLE#MICROWAVE=FIBER OPTICS O                         p                         6p                          O_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __pw            'p()w *p	+t))))))1w   6\9\<\>?p  Aw               _\__\__\__\__\__\__\__\__p           Ŀ          6p     ;w  =?@Aw   	Dp      J/Kp     O                         p           Ĵ          6w        >p A\C\E\G\Ip JLp    O                          
t          &pĴ
*t          6t                    J\Kt    S x y  g 	  g  .	Your Choice! ..............................S ` S @ Press space S  S @ Select A-G S  S @ Select B-G S  S @ Select A-C or E-G S  S @ Select A or B-G S  S     J 	INTRODUCTION:  Unit 2    "	Information and the Corporation! Impact on Corporate StrategiesP This part of the course describes the communication needs of corporations and2
 how they can be met through telecommunications.N
 It shows how the increasing integration of telecommunications and computers= can provide better information to businesses more quickly.S    	    Corporate NeedsR To examine the business needs of modern corporations, let's look at a large carR
 manufacturing company, United Motors.  Although most companies are not as largeS as United, and may not have as many of these needs, you can learn a lot from how United meets these needs._________5________
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 !"#$%&'()6p7@8p:@;p+p8@9p______________ !"#$%&'+x ,-x ./x 01x 23x 45x 67x 8@9p:@;p<___________________()+x             8@S    	   O To get started, you've just taken a new position as assistant to the v.p. of  telecommunications at United.S Your responsibilities include researching existing telecommunications proceduresO and equipment and proposing new solutions to changing needs.  To do your jobP	 well, you need to know more about all three areas below.  Choose one to learn
 about now.
 
p 
A >
Current telecommunications systems in use at United Motors.   B -New and changing needs of the corporation.   C 1New products and services available to United. 9 When you have reviewed all three, press D to continue.S @ Select A-D S             p A %Current Telecommunications Systems R United Motors has a huge phone network that has developed over the years.  TheyQ
 own a vast amount of equipment that is linked into their private system.  ThisO includes standard phones, computers (both mainframes and micros), and officeG machines all linked over miles of cable, fiber optics, and microwave@ transmissions.  They also routinely use the national network.S    	   % Current Telecommunications SystemsS In addition to phones, United has tied the following equipment and services into: their network.  To see details on each of these, select8A:to=D>. p A Mainframe Computers 
 
 B 
Video Conferencing   C Facsimile Machines   D Electronic Mail ( After you've reviewed all four, press&E to continue.S @ Select A-E S                Mainframe ComputersO A large corporation like United makes use of a lot of computing power.  FromL
 massive accounting and payroll applications to sophisticated computerized1 designs for new cars, United finds the need to/share5their computer data withinS the company (as between the designers and manufacturing) and outside the company! (as with banks and suppliers).N To accommodate this huge (and constant!) flow of data, United has installedP several high-speed microwave links and a sophisticated fiber-optic network to! their main computing facility.S    	    Video ConferencingS Video conferencing (also popularly called teleconferencing) is relatively new atR United.  Monthly executive meetings in the past required increasingly expensiveS	 travel and time from all of United's vice presidents.  Although the initial costR
 was high for the purchase and installation of video cameras and monitors at allF of United's main branches, the system has proven its usefulness and cost-effectiveness.O In addition to the installation of the equipment, United has installed high-Q quality communication cables to transmit the video signals for the conference.6 They use the cabling for other communications, too.S    	    Facsimile MachinesM Often called FAX machines, facsimile machines have been used at United forP
 years.  They've gotten more sophisticated and their quality has improved, but' their basic function hasn't changed.R FAX machines transmit printed documents containing text, handwriting, drawings,O (and sometimes photographs) over the phone network.  They work by scanning aS document, converting it to a series of dots, transmitting the dots as electricalK pulses, and then recreating an image of the document at its destination.S    	    Facsimile MachinesS United uses their FAX machines for memos and contracts and almost any other type@
 of document that needs immediate delivery to distant offices.S
 Since they own the FAX machines, their only additional costs are for the connect< time to the phone network while documents are being sent.S    	    Electronic MailR A new service at United, Electronic Mail (often called E-Mail) is software that3
 provides electronic messaging between computers.R
 Currently, most of the E-Mail sent through the network at United is in the form of
broadcasts:
, for example, memos, documents, and guidelines sent toEallN branches from headquarters.  These documents are usually printed out at theP branches and distributed to the proper people.  This is a good use of E-Mail,( but not much different or better than&FAX*use.  One of your jobs is to1 investigate the more productive use of E-Mail.S    	    Electronic MailQ You find out that United's E-Mail system is capable of much more effective use) than one-way broadcasts.  For example:    Different computers(can be used to send E-Mail; includingmainframes and micros. Individual messages/can be sent from one person to another.  The1messages arrive on the receiver's computer andare confidential. More than mail1can be sent over E-Mail.  Computer files, word,processed documents, images, etc., can besent using E-Mail.S    	   ' Summary of Current Systems at UnitedM Now you know how United uses their telecommunications network for not justK phones, but for computer links, teleconferencing, FAX transmissions, and	 electronic mail.R You also know that they use microwave links, fiber-optic networks, and standard	 cable.S p       p p  p #0p 4p@p 
COp  p   p  p #-0p 13p 
5<p >@p CE::...KOp  p  
p  p #$_/\___/\_-0p 3p 
5<p @p CE:::::KOp  p Ȼp  p #-0p 3p           @p CG...KOp  p Ȼp 
 p #0p 3p 46p 79p :*=p @p CD	EKLOp  p p  p "____________0p 3p@p BOp S p      pS    	   , New and Changing Needs of the CorporationS After several weeks of research and after talking to dozens of managers and VPs,' you've identified four urgent needs:S          
 
Long-Distance0
costs have risen dramatically.  Long-distance2alternatives are inconsistently chosen.  Accesscharges are mounting.S    	    Personal Computers/are multiplying within United.  Many are not-networked.  Training is a growing concern.S    	       CAD/CAMsophisticated(C)omputer-1A2ided7D8esign andComputer-#A$ided)M*anufacturing systems require*network access for better productivity.S    	    International1foreign manufacturers and suppliers need to be)in close contact with the home office.S    	   & New Products and Services AvailableE After weeks of research talking to vendors and other people in theL telecommunications group, you've identified several possible solutions toL	 United's needs.  But your field is full of technical jargon and acronyms,?
 so you can review the details about each of the items below.
 
p 
A 	
Bypass
!
" E 
'LANs !  B CBT!" F 
'Satellites !  C Fiber Optics!" G 'Teletraining !  D Least-Cost Routing 1 When you have reviewed all of the items, press/H to continue.S @ Select A-H S                        	 BypassL Since the divestiture of AT&T, hundreds of new products and services haveF entered the market.  Many of these promise less expensive local and	 long-distance connections by	bypassing)	'or avoiding local telephone companies.S Already, a significant number of large businesses are using some form of bypass.M Most common is leasing high-capacity lines from the local phone company toP
 avoid access charges to long-distance services and maintain a higher level ofN control over private networks.  But often bypass systems are just part of a private networkA, composed of microwave and satellite links, fiber optics, and coaxial cable._________-INTEROFFICE9_________	H 
UONI
OTEOD&LOCAL COOP                    TRUNK:@ <O >O @H A@	H 	
OMOTORS@     #OLOCAL(@    ,:@  <OLONG@H 	H OHE
OAD@ @  @ "@ #P$OH%O&ON'E(@ *@  :@ <OD=I>OS?T@H 	H 
O QRTS@ @   !O COMPANY)@   :@   =OCO?@ @H 5LEASED LINE BYPASSS    	    CBT Computer-	B
asedT>raining continues to grow as an important part of corporateR strategies.  CBT can be delivered on personal computers or mainframe terminals.	 It's
	convenientC	since training programs can be sent on tape or diskette, or overH
 telecommunications from mainframes to networked PCs (a process called
Fdown
 loading).  It'scost effective.because it can be delivered directly to the. student without travel expenses, and CBT is,efficient6because it's self-pacedF
 and normally requires less time than equivalent classroom training.A CBT may also include video or audio segments when appropriate.

p                -
@PC	CBTp     MAIN       .0CBT@CPCF

p     FRAME      
5
@PCp    COMPUTER    58PC;?
CBTp                .0CBT
5
!4S    	    Fiber OpticsN Fiber optics are used for high-speed transmission of voice, data, and videoP signals.  They are made of very fine, flexible glass fibers and carry signals!	 created by laser light pulses.N Fiber optics are becoming increasingly popular for high-speed data networksS because they are fast and take up far less space than traditional cable, but canS
 carry much more information.  Some optic cables are leased, others are installed by a company itself.________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S       	   ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S       ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S  ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S  ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S  ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S       ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S  ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S     ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S  ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S  ________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S   Fiber OpticsN Fiber optics are used for high-speed transmission of voice, data, and videoP signals.  They are made of very fine, flexible glass fibers and carry signals!	 created by laser light pulses.N Fiber optics are becoming increasingly popular for high-speed data networksS because they are fast and take up far less space than traditional cable, but canS
 carry much more information.  Some optic cables are leased, others are installed by a company itself.________________= $\______________________=F\&*.26:=F        $\=        
	=>
?FG<S    	    Least-Cost Routing Least-cost routing=is just one of the names for similar services that provideA
 corporations with the lowest possible cost for communications.O
 Companies can save a lot of money by programming their phone system to use aO variety of long-distance companies, and taking advantage of different pricesR based on the time of day, or the type of service.  This programming can be used, for data communications as well as voice.S    	    LANs Local Area Networks8are used to link personal computers to each other, toO mainframe computers, and to other office machines such as FAXs and printers.S	 LANs may be composed of coaxial cable, fiber optics, or twisted pairs, following
 a variety of wiring plans. Normally, aLAN?ties together machines in close proximity to each other, but

 often a
LAN@
will be tied into the public phone system and/or into privateR networks and other LANs.  This type of networking allows for maximum sharing of information.S    	   
p 	PCp Ŀ	p 				
	

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p 
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p ,Ŀ	PCp Ŀ,0PUBLIC PHONE?	p Ĵ
2NETWORK?Ŀ					,	J
	

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     FĿ                         
FILANN                  F* ٳ                 ĿJ	                 &,ĿJ	
p 
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2PRIVATE?PCp ,
2NETWORK?
p ,
pS    	   
 SatellitesR Satellite transmission is growing in use by corporations, many of which send upH their own satellites.  Others simply rent the use of part of existing	 satellites.M By bouncing microwave transmissions off of satellites back to receivers onS earth, corporations can avoid thousands of miles of cabling and microwave links.O
 As few as three satellites can distribute communications to any point on the	 earth."	$*'#+/(1)ڿ1ڿp1p 
w       "p&w    *p pw    p6w 7pS    	    Teletraining Teletraining<
is a general term for training delivered to learners over telecommunications links.L
 It can include video broadcasts, similar to teleconferencing, but withoutK cameras at learner sites.  This type of set-up may involve PCs or largerC computers that link the teacher in the broadcast to the student.S Teletraining can also include recorded video training or computer-based training	 (CBT). t Teletraining  p   
tChicagop   
 (p     -tNYC0p     6Ŀ t video broad-  p  t Learnersp  !Ŀ(p   +tLearners3p  F t cast from San #:t CBT Exercises sent 
 t Francisco
p   
t  #:t and verified fromLp  p    "tL.A. 'p   :p ;tMiami@p              p   tLearners(p   +S    	    Putting It All TogetherR You should now have a good picture of telecommunications at United.  You shouldP
 see how far they've come, their current needs, and some possible solutions to these needs.A Next, you'll try to match their needs with possible solutions.S    	   O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 Long-Distance	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(costs have risen dramatically.      +, B 1CBT(Long-distance alternatives are      +(
inconsistently chosen.  Access      
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics(charges are mounting.               +'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S                            S  S  S  ' That's right!  Bypassing local phone( companies can save access charges and$ control end-to-end communication.& There's one more solution that will( help United save money, too.  Can you find it?S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 Long-Distance	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(costs have risen dramatically.      +, B 1CBT(Long-distance alternatives are      +(
inconsistently chosen.  Access      
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics(charges are mounting.               +'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S               	                 ' Yes, but you already said that.  Can you find
	anothersolution?  Select	 from Bto
G.Skbkckdkekfkg           	                 # No, training can be very useful,& but it won't help United's problems! with long-distance costs.  Try	 again. ...................S  & Possibly.  Fiber optics may improve! the capacity of United's long-# distance channels, but there's a& more direct solution.  Can you find it?S  & That's correct.  Least-cost routing$ will help United direct its long-# distance calls to the most cost-% effective channels.  Now let's try meeting another need.S   No, sorry.  LANs arelocalarea! networks and won't help United save on long distance.  Try	 again.S  & A good solution.  Satellite use may' help United cut long-distance costs,& but there's a more direct solution.S  $ That's right!  Least-cost routing$ will help United direct its long-' distance calls to the most effective' channels.  There's one more solution) that will help United save money.  Can you find it?S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 Long-Distance	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(costs have risen dramatically.      +, B 1CBT(Long-distance alternatives are      +(
inconsistently chosen.  Access      
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics(charges are mounting.               +'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S   	                             ' Yes, but you already said that.  Can% you find another solution?  Select A-Cor	E-
G.Skakbkckekfkg   	                         ' That's right.  Bypassing local phone& companies can save United on access% charges.  Together with LCR, these) solutions will save United a lot!  Now" let's try meeting another need.S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 Personal Computers	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(are multiplying within United.      +, B 1CBT(Many are not networked.  Training   +(
is a growing concern.               
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics'+'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S                            ( Possibly, if PCs need to be networked& over a long distance, but there are more direct answers.S  & Yes!  Computer-based training is an$ excellent choice for PC training.) It's fast and efficient.  Can you find) one more solution to the PC problem at
 United?S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 Personal Computers	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(are multiplying within United.      +, B 1CBT(Many are not networked.  Training   +(
is a growing concern.               
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics'+'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S                    	            	     ' Yes, but you already said that.  Can% you find another solution?  Select A, orCtoG.Skakckdkekfkg               	            	      Possibly.Fiber optics can be a good( choice for high-powered PCs with high& data transmission needs but there's a more direct answer.S  $ No, that's incorrect.  Least-cost% routing would not help United with their PC problems.S  ! Yes, that's right!  Local Area) Networks may be just what United needs' to help interconnect their PCs.  Now" let's try meeting another need.S  ( Possibly.  Satellites may play a part( in networking some PCs at United, but) there's a more direct answer.  Can you find it?S  % That's right.  Teletraining can be( very useful in training large numbers' of users at distant locations.  Now," let's try meeting another need.S  ! Yes, that's right!  Local Area) Networks may be just what United needs' to help interconnect their PCs.  Can' you find one more solution to the PC problem at United?S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 Personal Computers	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(are multiplying within United.      +, B 1CBT(Many are not networked.  Training   +(
is a growing concern.               
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics'+'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S       	                        	     ) That's right.  Computer-based training  is an excellent choice for PC& training.  It's fast and efficient.& Now let's try meeting another need.S  % That's right.  Teletraining can be( very useful in training large numbers& of users at distant locations.  Can' you find one more solution to the PC problem at United?S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.+ ...........7 4S '
	 CAD/CAM	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+SophisticatedComputer-Aided        +, B 1CBTDesign andComputer-AidedM
anufac-  +(
turing systems require network      
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics(access for better productivity.     +'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S           	                     % Possibly, a bypass system may help reduce costs of CAD/CAM data) transmitted long distance, but can you find a more direct answer?S   Sorry, that is incorrect.% Computer-based training won't help' United's problems with their CAD/CAM problems.  Try again.S  & That's very good!  United's CAD/CAM' systems need to send huge amounts of$ data to other systems quickly.  A& fiber optic link is the best choice$ for this.  Now, let's try meeting another need.S  # Sorry, that's incorrect.  Least-& cost routing won't help United with' their CAD/CAM network problems.  Try	 again.S  ) Possibly, Local Area Networks may help# United tie their CAD/CAM systems% locally, but there's a more direct answer.  Can you find it?S  ) Possibly satellite transmissions could" carry the large amounts of data( between United's CAD/CAM systems, but) there's a more direct answer.  Can you find it?S  # Sorry, that's incorrect.  United' doesn't need more training for their$ CAD/CAM systems--they need better networking.  Try again.S  O Let's look at these needs one at a time.  Select the best solutions from the. list on the right for the need on the left.S '	 International	'	+	,p 	-A 		1Bypass
'
+(Foreign manufacturers and suppliers +, B 1CBT(need to be in close contact with    +(
the home office.                    
+
, C 
1Fiber Optics'+'+, D 1Least-Cost Routing'+'+,p -E 1LANs'+'+, F 
1Satellites'+'+, G 1Teletraining'+'S @ Select A-G S                        	         & Possibly, a bypass system could cut) costs for long distance from United to' its foreign branches and may be part% of the final solution, but can you find a more direct answer?S  ' Sorry, that's wrong.  Computer-based' training won't improve communication! between United and its foreign branches.  Try again.S  # Possibly.  Fiber optics may give) United more calling capacity, but it's# not the best choice.  Try again.S  # Very likely.  Least-cost routing% can save United a lot when calling( long distance to foreign offices, but% can you find a more direct answer?S  ' Sorry, that's incorrect.  Local Area( Networks will not help United improve# their communication with foreign branches.  Try again.S  & Very good!  The most cost-effective( solution for long distance to foreign( offices would be the use of satellite) communications.  This, together with a) bypass system, could save United a lot of money.  Now, let's go on.S  ( Possibly.  Teletraining may be needed% and cost effective for the foreign$ branches, but can you find a more direct answer?S   Putting It All Together
 Very good!6You did well in your new position at United Motors.J
 Congratulations.  Your solutions have helped United to save hundreds of1 thousands of dollars.  Not bad for a new hire!0 Now let's return to the menu for this lesson.S @ Press space S [ [   Z  	  S @ Press space S  S @ Select A-G S  S @ Select A-I S  S     O  ͻ   O   ͼ   O       S    O  ͻ   O   ͼ   O       S      S    J 	INTRODUCTION:  Unit 3   	Home and Work& Corporate and Residential CustomersQ This part of the course describes the similarities and differences between use>
 of the phone system by residential and corporate customers.R
 It shows how choices have increased for both types of customers, and highlights  some trends in corporate use.S    	   - Select the topic you'd like to cover next. p Ap Home - Residential Customers	 
 
p 
B
p 
Work - Corporate Customers 3
 After reviewing each topic, press C to continue.S @ Select A-C S     	  1   Residential CustomersO Residential customer service has changed dramatically in recent years.  Most/	 noticeably these changes have been marked by	-increased choices	?for consumers.@ You can see more details on these choices by selecting A - C. p Ap Renting vs. Buying  p Bp Long Distance  p Cp Other Services @ After you've reviewed all three choices, press D to continue.S @ Select A-D S              Renting vs. BuyingO Until very recently, most residential customers rented their phones from theP Bell system.  In 1977 it became possible for these customers to own their ownS	 phones.  Since then, what percentage of customers would you say own at least one
 of their phones today? p Ap Less than 25%?
  p Bp More than 50%?  p Cp More than 95%? S @ Select A-C S            Q That's right.  In fact more than 55% of residential customers own at least one of their phones today.S     	   Q No.  Actually, answer B is closer.  More than 55% of residential customers own& at least one of their phones today.S     	    Choices in PhonesR Types of phones available to residential customers have also changed, providing even more options.
   Standard Dial Phones5
- still account for 25% of phones purchased by the
public.!
   Standard Push Button Phones)
- account for 20% of phones purchased.   Feature Phones=- give home phone owners features they may use at work andDhave grown to like, such as hold, automatic redialing, and memoryfor frequently dialed calls.   Cordless Phones>- use radio transmitters to link the phone to its base unitGand allow the user to be up to 500 or 1,000 feet from the base unit.S     	    Long DistanceS Choices for residential customers using long distance have changed dramatically.Q See how many of these long-distance option questions you can answer correctly.  T or
 F  
J Residential users can now select from a number of long-distance service
 providers.S @ Select T or F S        R That's right.  In addition to AT&T, users may choose from MCI, US SPRINT, and a+ number of other long-distance companies.S    	   L No, sorry, that's true.  Among others, users can choose from AT&T or MCI.S    	   
 
 T 
or


 F  

 Equal accessF

allows all long-distance companies to run telephone lines into your home.S @ Select T or F S      No, that's false.Equal access. allows all long-distance companies an equalP opportunity to provide long-distance service to you, but this doesn't involve! additional residential wiring.S  	    False is the right answer.Equal access()allows all long-distance providers anO equal opportunity to provide long-distance service, but this doesn't involve! additional residential wiring.S  	   
 
 T 
or


 F  

 Under
equal access9
, when a customer chooses a long-distance company as a

Iprimary
 carrierI, the customer automatically uses that company's long distance service$ when making a long-distance call.S @ Select T or F S   , That's right, a customer only has to dial*1$,and a long-distance number to use the services of theirprimary carrier%.S  	    No, that's true.Equal access4provides customers with the ability to make long- distance calls by dialing14and the long-distance number.  Automatically theyH use their chosen long-distance company, called their primary carrier.S  	   
 
 T 
or


 F  
N
 Residential customers must choose one long-distance company for their long- distance calls.S @ Select T or F S    M No, that's false.  Customers can choose to use any number of long-distanceS companies.  However, they must choose (or they will be assigned) a long-distance company as theirprimary carrier2 .  They must dial special numbers and/or access7 codes to use any additional long-distance companies.S    	   L Right.  That's false.  Customers must choose (or they will be assigned) a primary carrierC, but they are free to use other long-distance services as well.C Usually, this means dialing a special number and/or access code.S    	    Other ServicesJ Many local telephone companies offer additional services to residential! customers.  These may include:
 
Call forwarding:
- the ability to send calls to another phone number, ifyou're away from home.
 
Third party calling9
- like conference calling, allows three people to talktogether. Speed dialingB- stores frequently used numbers that can be recalled using oneor two digits.( Your local phone company provides the
&service%.for all of these features, so theyP require no special equipment on your part.  Don`t confuse these services withL feature phones that can provide similar features within the phone itself.S     	    Corporate CustomersQ Unlike residential customers, corporate customers have always had more choices, in setting up telecommunications systems.D
 Most businesses choose their phone system based on four criteria:   CapacityG- How big is the company?  How big does the phone system need to be?   FeaturesG- What special needs does the company have?  How can the features of%the phone system meet these needs?
   Cost"- What will the company pay for(capacity1and5features=?   Reliability and service,- Of the manufacturer and/or distributor.S 
	 	   N To evaluate the capacity of a phone, you need to look at anticipated growth  requirements, and to measure: 'The number of incoming lines, called	(trunks
 
The number of phones, called
 stations 
And theratioof	trunkstostations&. Typically, the ratio of	trunksto"stations'+is about 1 to 4.  That is, one trunkK for every four stations.  This ratio can vary in specific settings.  ForP example, a car rental company may need more trunks to handle its calls than a manufacturing company.1BD----H&___________BD----H
1 TRUNK&ĴBD----H Ĵ&ĴBD----H(3 TRUNKS1BD----H1BD----HS 
 	    Trunk-to-Station RatiosK are written as: 2 x 6 (pronounced "two by six"), indicating a system hasI2	 trunksand
6 stations0.  Using this notation, a system described as
C100 by 400	 would have:  A 1 trunk and 4 stations
   B 100 trunks and 400 stations   C 400 trunks and 100 stations S @ Select A-C S   

   P No, the correct answer is B, 100 trunks and 400 stations.  This also reflects: the "1 to 4" guideline of 1 trunk for every 4 stations.S  	   O That's right.  A system such as this would have 100 trunks and 400 stations.M This reflects the "1 to 4" guideline of one trunk for every four stations.S  	   Q To meet its capacity needs, a company has many options for the phone system itO chooses.  These options can be grouped into four types of systems.  To learn more about each type select 
A to D.
 
 A 
Small key system   B Hybrid key system
   C  Private Branch Exchange (PBX)   D Centrex service @ When you have reviewed all four systems, press E to continue.S @ Select A-E S     " " 0 0    Small Key Systems Also called	lA Key?systems, these phone systems normally have six buttons--five for each offive trunksand ahold
#button.B
 Many small businesses use these systems because they meet their
@capacity
IneedsQ in an economical way.  They provide features of multiple lines and hold.  WhatO do you think is the maximum number of stations you would connect to a system

 like this?1p3Bp  A 	1 to 40p_35__7x8____=x>_BpD /p  4
5p          ?ApC  B 
5 to 10/Ȼ2p45p 6789:;<?Ap /Ȼ2p45p 6789:;<?Ap  C 11 to 20/Ȼ2p45p 6789:;<?Ap /Ȼ2p45p 6_______?Ap  D 21 to 50034p_5t6p_7x8p_9x:p_;x<p_=x>p_?x@p_A 1p34pABpS @ Select A-D S        Possibly, depending onhow the phones were tobe used, but in anaverage business, fivetrunks could serviceup to 20 stations.S   	   That's right.  Usingthe "1 to 4" ratio,five trunks couldservice up to 20stations, depending onthe type of business.S   	   No, that's incorrect.Unless a business veryinfrequently used theirphones, the "1 to 4" ratiowould mean that the fivetrunks could service amaximum of about 20stations.S   	   O Although many small businesses have had these key systems installed over the1 years, a new generation of key systems, called/hybrid key systemsA, is often the& choice of today's small businesses.
KEY SYSTEM
4HYBRID KEY SYSTEM	0______/0p   3   6___________________
_________________
/
0p    
4  
6p                   
J
Npp                 /
0p______7Ap BxCEp FxGIp Jp  p 	p pܱ__/
0p      789;<>?Ap BxEp FxIp J p p            p  /
0p      789;<>?Ap BxCEp FxGIp J Ȼp	p /
0p      789;<>?Ap BxEp FxIp J Ȼp	p /
0p      789;<>?Ap BxCEp FxGIp J Ȼp	p /
0p______789;<>?Ap BxEp FxIp J Ȼp_________p -Ȼ/
0p      
7_________Ap BxCEp FxGIp J Ȼ|  t 	x
t xt 
xt xt xt  -Ȼ/0p                 BxEp FxIp Jp/	0x6S  	    Hybrid Key SystemsQ Originally hybrid key systems evolved to meet the needs of those companies tooM large or sophisticated for a standard key system, but too small for a PBX.R
 Today, hybrids are used by many businesses.  They're often the perfect solution for growing companies.S
 As in the case of all phone systems, from small to large, companies need to look atcapacity,
features, andcost/ when considering a hybrid key system.  Let's look at each of these.pw                p w                5p8w                pw   tCAPACITYw     p w   #tFEATURES+w     5p	8w      >tCOST	Bw      pw                p w                5p8w                pw                p w                5p8w                pp5pS  	    Hybrid CapacityR Hybrid key systems may be as small as 2 lines and 6 phones (2 x 6), or up to 25, lines and 100 phones (25 x 100), or more.
 @
(@
,100 PHONES "$&(*,.02468:<>@BD@ "$&(*,.02468:<>@BD
,
@ĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿ
EH H@H @ H  "@$H  &@(H  *@,H  .@           EH @H,@ĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿEH @G        @ O @H@H @ H  "@$H  &@(H  *@,H  	.@  4H  6@8H  :@<H  >@@H  B@DH  @
O 6 PHONES @H,@ĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿEH @G        @ O @H@H @ H  "@$H  &@(H  *@,H  .@           EH 
@@H.@                                         @-H-@S  	    Hybrid FeaturesQ The major difference between hybrids and standard key systems is the number ofN features available on the hybrid systems.  For more details on any of these:	 common hybrid features, select one from the list below.  A Hold
 
 B 
Intercom  C Transfer  D 
Forward  E 
Conference  F Automatic Dialing  G Restrictions  H 
Message 9 When you've finished reviewing these features, press I7to continue.R @ Select A-I S   S                  !!S   Hold	"Hold -#)Allows you the same call holdingJfunc-
Intercom1
"tion provided by the hold button on a standardTransfer/"key system.  Often this feature is performed
Forward/"with its own button or with a code.  Special
Conference0"features may alert you to a call left on holdAutomatic Dialing"past a set time limit.Restrictions
MessageS   )Hold                        Intercom --This feature allows you to
Intercom(
"call other phones within your companyTransfer)"by dialing their extension.  Intercoms
Forward*"use internal wiring normally, and don't
Conference"tie up outside lines.Automatic DialingRestrictions
MessageS   )Hold                        Transfer --After receiving a call, this
Intercom+
"feature allows you to send it to anotherTransfer)"phone by using a transfer key or code.
Forward+"You dial the extension the call is being
Conference,"sent to and hang up.  The system connectsAutomatic Dialing$"the call to the dialed extension.Restrictions
MessageS   (Hold                        Forward -,This feature is like an
Intercom
"automatic
,transfer
5using keys or codes.Transfer*"You can instruct your phone to send any
Forward%"incoming calls to another selected
Conference
"extension.Automatic DialingRestrictions
MessageS   +Hold                        Conference -/This feature is often used
Intercom)
"by businesses to improve productivity.Transfer*"It allows you and two or more others to
Forward&"participate in a phone call.  After
Conference("establishing a call with someone, youAutomatic Dialing"can then+add/others to the conversation,Restrictions*"up to the limit provided by the system.
MessageS   0Hold                        Automatic Dialing4-6By storing frequently
Intercom+
"used phone numbers in the memory unit ofTransfer'"a hybrid phone, you can quickly dial
Forward!"these numbers using one or twoAbuttons.
Conference"Automatic Redial3temporarily stores theAutomatic Dialing*"last number dialed in memory so that itRestrictions+"can be quickly dialed again, if the line
Message"is busy.S   +Hold                        Restrictions/-1This feature allows you
Intercom&
"to limit the types of calls made onTransfer)"particular phones in your system.  You
Forward+"may restrict calls by area code, or even
Conference,"by exchanges.  You can even limit a phoneAutomatic Dialing&"to incoming or outgoing calls only.Restrictions
MessageS   &Hold                        Message*-,This feature allows you to
Intercom$
"signal people at other extensionsTransfer'"that you called while they were away
Forward$"from their phone.  You may have a
Conference"message light0that tells you someoneAutomatic Dialing"called, or a/message button>that connectsRestrictions&"you back to the person who left the
Message"message.S    Cost Keyvs.	Hybridvs.PBXJ	 Often price is the deciding factor in selecting one hybrid phone systemA
 over others.  But, it is also important to evaluate a system's
?capacity andfeatures.=
 This evaluation becomes even more crucial when comparing a
;hybrid key system to aPBXA	system.  Since many of the features of the hybrid can be foundK in the PBX, it may seem that the PBX is more expensive.  Once again, the needsand
plansof the company should be the-deciding factors.L As hybrids become more sophisticated and PBXs drop in size and price, theK essential differences between the two become more difficult to evaluate.S   	    PBX systemsJ A Private Branch Exchange (PBX) used to be found only in a company withP thousands of phones.  Today, you'll find them in companies with as few as ten# trunks and forty phones (10x40).R
 A PBX acts just like a Central Office (CO), except that the equipment for it isL located within your organization, rather than at the local phone company.)
 Let's look briefly at how a PBX works.S ## 	    PBXN A PBX contains many of the essential features of a Central Office (CO), but usually on a reduced scale.It's a computer--and just like"a computer it contains hardware#
to allow data input, processing,#and output. It contains softwareto control these functions.S   
 #    $ 	   

 .
It's
 .
a
 .	
switch
$--that is, it ..switches both internal and ..external calls. It can also ..switch data between PCs or ..from PCs to mainframes.S   3    % 	   #$ .%It's) .*adaptable3--many PBXs have inter-# ..&%changeable circuit cards for adding# ..*%features, power back-up systems in case# ..&%of power failure, and duplicate (or%redundant!.) circuits that act as back-up %in case of equipment failure.S "  O    && 	    PBX FeaturesQ With all of this sophisticated hardware and software, a PBX can provide a highK level of features. Besides most of the features possible with hybrid keyP systems, a PBX can also provide the following.  Select A to F to review them.
 
 A 
Networking   B Programmability
   C Advanced Messaging  x D Links to Office Systems   E ACD   F 
Economy D When you've finished reviewing the features, press G to continue.S @ Select A-G S '  S ' )( ' *( ' +( ' ,( ' -( ' .( /&S   %
Networking . . . . . . . . . . . .&
*Since the PBX is a computer, it can(*link other PBXs, PCs, and mainframes.Programmability ....................$*This allows you to share data and$
*voice communications, both withinAdvanced Messaging .................*and outside the company.Links to Office Systems ............ACD#
 ................................
Economy ............................S '  
Networking
 .........................!
*Since most of the features and&*functions in the PBX are controlledKProgrammability . . . . . . . . . .by the software, it is easy to change%
*them.  This may include adding newAdvanced Messaging ................*features like messaging, or$*routine modifications like movingLinks to Office Systems ............#*your extension with you when you*change offices.ACD#
 ................................
Economy ............................S '  
Networking
 .........................Programmability ....................&*Like hybrid systems, a PBX may have
*message waiting
:indicators, or
Ileave%Advanced Messaging . . . . . . . .
*message2features.  It may also have#*more advanced features such as aLinks to Office Systems ............*message display:on a small screen on*your phone, or even>voice messagingACD#
 ................................$*that works much like an answering*machine.
Economy ............................S '  
Networking
 ........................Programmability ...................."
*By networking with other officeAdvanced Messaging .................*systems like Facsimile (FAX))*machines, and PCs for database access,ILinks to Office Systems . . . . . .word processing and spreadsheets, a*PBX helps you to share yourACD#
 ................................*information efficiently.
Economy ............................S '  
Networking
 .........................Programmability ....................*Automatic Call Distribution	Fallows&
*your PBX to direct calls to members
NofAdvanced Messaging .................*a,group (like support or order)*processing) equitably and efficiently.Links to Office Systems ............(*Calls are routed automatically to the#*next available person, or to theKACD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .person who has been off the phone the"*longest.  ACD can also generate
Economy ............................"*reports on the volume of calls,*length, etc.S '  
Networking
 ........................Programmability ....................*Your PBX provides<economy of scale.&
*Due to its size and capabilities itAdvanced Messaging .................*can often switch;voice and dataJover%*the same channel, select the leastLinks to Office Systems ............*expensive4long-distanceBoption from(*those available, and provide built-inACD#
 ................................*modem pooling8that allows data%*transmissions without the need for
Economy7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .modems on every computer.S '   PBX summaryEYou can see that a PBX provides a high level of sophistication and<
 features.  You'll learn more about PBXs in later lessons.Ŀ-Ŀ

͵

      
 
-
/p
5p
;p
A
Ĵ -0:::6:::<:::A
͵ 	-  6p<pA
͵PBX -/p5p;pA
͵ -0:::6:::<:::A"
͵                -0p6p<pA
Ĵ -/p5p;pA
͵ -/p0:::3p5p6:::9p;p<:::?pA-0p6p<pA-S  	    Centrex ServiceH An alternative to buying or leasing a PBX is leasing a service called
FCentrex! from your local phone company.E
 Centrex provides you with the features of your own PBX without the
Cequipment
Mto& install, maintain, move, or modify.K
 You order the features you want from your local phone company (like callJ forwarding, conferencing, and data transmission) and they provide these, services over your existing phone system.S   	   	 ReviewB Let's look at some review questions on corporate phone systems.N Suppose you walk into a customer's office and ask about their phone system.O As often happens, they don't know what kind of equipment they have. But theyQ
 know they have twenty phones.  From this you guess that their phone system is:  A A key system  B A hybrid key system  C A small PBX  D A key or hybrid system  E A hybrid key or PBX S   	 O 	   2  S @ Select A-E S 33 44 255 66 77. That's very possible, but with 20 phones it1 could also be a hybrid key system.  Of course, it's too small for a PBX.S 88 	   +$That's very possible, but with 20 phones*$it could also be a standard key system.)$Of course, it's too small to be a PBX.S 88 	   +$Sorry that's wrong.  A company with only'$20 phones would not need a PBX.  Try	$again.S 6/$Yes!  That's the best choice.  You know that-$a company with only 20 phones is too small/$for a PBX, but without seeing the equipment,-$you'd know it was either a key system or a$$hybrid key (or possibly Centrex).S 88 	   +$Only half right.  A company with only 20)$phones wouldn't need a PBX, but it may,$have a hybrid key or standard key system.$The best answer is7D.S 88 	   E This same system of 20 phones would probably have how many trunks? p Ap 	1 or 2	 
 
p 
B
p 
4 - 8  p Cp 
10 - 12
   D 20 S @ Select A-D S 99 :: 99 99S No that's unlikely.  Average trunkage ratios are 1 to 4 (1:4), so for 20 phones," about 5 trunks would be needed.!B#is the best answer.S ;; 	   P That's right!  With an average trunkage ratio of 1:4, 20 phones would requireS about 5 trunks.  Depending on the business, 4-8 trunks would be a good estimate.S ;; 	     T or
 F 9Most features found in hybrid key systems can often be 
found in PBXs.S @ Select T or F S <<  == O Right, that's true.  Hybrids often have many useful features, but almost all& of them can be found in a PBX, too.S >> 	   O No, that's true.  Hybrids often have many useful features, but almost all of# them can be found in a PBX, too.S >> 	   N One feature that can often be found on a PBX, but rarely, if ever, on a key or hybrid key system is:
 
p 
A
p 
Voice and data capabilities  p Bp $Automatic Call Distribution (ACD)
  p Cp )System Message Detail Recording (SMDR)   D Programmability S @ Select A-D S >?? C C	  @ @ >AA >BBP No, that's incorrect.  Many hybrid key systems allow for switching both voice and data.  Try again.S @R That's right.  ACD allows a PBX to send calls to the next available person in aP group such as customer support, or order processing.  Key systems do not have this capability.S AP No, that's wrong.  SMDR may sound like a sophisticated PBX feature, but it isN often found on hybrid keys to track calls and calling patterns.  Try again.S BS No, that's wrong.  Hybrid key systems are often more limited than PBXs, but theyL can still be programmed.  Sometimes this programming is done with plug-in; modules; other systems allow for software modifications.S CJ You'll learn more about residential and corporate phone use in upcoming lessons.5 Now let's return to the main menu for this lesson.
KEY	
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@ @ @ @ @ @ <O LESSON TWO -  EVOLUTION OF THE U.S. TELEPHONE INDUSTRY  	@ 	@ 	@ 	@ 	
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@S GG   J 	EVOLUTION OF THE U.S. TELEPHONE INDUSTRY:  Unit 1   	From Bell to Baby Bells Historical LandmarksQ This unit describes the evolution of the telephone industry from the invention
 of the phone up to today.Q
 It shows how historical events and legislation formed precedents that have led9 to current telecommunications standards and practices.S HHD	  DR In this unit you'll be learning about historical landmarks that have shaped the telecommunications industry.N
 Each case presented will outline an important event and ask you to answer a+ question about the outcome of the event.L The key to answering these questions is to remember this objective of the
 lesson:A	describe how these events have shaped telecommunications today
G.  With= this in mind, try to answer each question as best you can.S IID	  D It's now the year 1877:C It's been just one year since Alexander Graham Bell invented andApatentedJtheL telephone.  This year he starts The Bell Telephone Company.  Up until now9	 customers who wanted phone service leased equipment in	7pairs	=that connected twoR
 locations.  This quickly became inefficient and resulted in the installation of
 the first:
 
 A 

local loop   B  Stowger (step-by-step) switch   C experimental switchboard S @ Press A-C S JJ KK LLN Not quite.  Each pair of phones could be considered a local loop, and these2 already existed.  Can you find a better answer?S @ Press A-C S JJ KK LLS No, that's incorrect.  Strowger won't invent the step-by-step switch until 1889,- but you're on the right track.  Try again.S @ Press A-C S JJ KK LLP That's right!  The first experimental switchboard is installed in Boston this year.  It connects six
customers.S MMLD	  D It's now the year 1882: JTelephone service is increasing at an amazing rate.  Over 50,000 phones
are installed in the U.S.
 N
A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company is formed.  It's called.the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. IThousands of patents have been issued for automatic switching systems.S NND	  D It's now the year 1894: OAT&T has become the parent company of the Bell system, and now operates much%of the American telephone network.
 
ButK
, Alexander Graham Bell's patents have expired in the past two years andthe result has been:
 
 A 4
a monopoly on service by AT&T and the Bell system   B 6hundreds of independent phone companies have formed S @ Select A-B S OO PPP No, actually quite the opposite happens.  Although AT&T operates a large por-4 tion of phone business, Bell's patent expirations	2causes9hundreds of competingS phone companies to spring up.  This causes many problems for customers who oftenP have to use several phone companies to make connections within the same city.M The Bell system counters this by starting to buy up these small companies.S QND	  DR That's right.  And hundreds of independent phone companies means that customersQ often have to use several phone companies just to connect with other customersO in the same city.  The Bell system counters this by starting to buy up these independent companies.S QND	  D It's now the year 1913: NFour years earlier the Bell system acquired controlling interest in Western	Union.
 L
The Department of Justice got involved to ensure that the Bell system didnot monopolize the industry.
 H
Nathan C. Kingsbury, VP at AT&T, negotiates what becomes known as theKingsbury Commitment.S RQ	  D FUnder the Kingsbury Commitment, Nathan C. Kingsbury agrees to threeconditions:+1.  to divest the Western Union holdings7
2.  to halt the acquisition of independent telephonecompanies6
3.  and one other condition.  Do you think this is:  A 4to share their trade secrets with other companies   B Hto provide long-distance connections to all companies requesting them   C Hto divest all local operating companies, thus producing regional Bell operating companiesS @ Select A-C S SS TT UUP That's incorrect.  The Bell system doesn't have to share their trade secrets,L but you're on the right track.  Bell has to share something.  Try another
 answer.S @ Select A-C S SS TT UUL That's right.  The Bell system has to share access to their long-distanceN network with any local phone companies that requests this.  The result is aN more integrated phone company composed of both Bell and non-Bell companies.S VV	  DN No, you're about 70 years early, but it's easy to see that "history repeats  itself."  Try another answer.S @ Select A-C S SS TT UU The year is now 1934: MThe Federal Communications Commission is formed and given the authority to3oversee wire and radio communication in the U.S.
 J
Over the years the FCC has worked with the phone companies to arrive atFmutually acceptable standards.  The companies must connect with allIcustomers requesting service and have their rates approved by the FCC.!
In exchange, the FCC provides:  A Jan area of operation without competition and a guaranteed profit margin   B -annual rate increases and free competition S @ Select A-B S WW XXL That's right.  Increased regulation has provided the phone companies with
 guaranteedDareas of operation and an assured rate of return.  But, as you'll, see, this changes in the 1970s and 1980s.S YYD	  D No, that's wrong.A;is the correct answer.  While profits have been assured,R this doesn't mean an annual increase.  Rather than allow local competition, the FCC regulates against:it.  But even these regulations change in the 1970s and	 1980s.S YYD	  D The year is now 1956: MUp to this point there has been much growth in the telephone industry, but	little real change. MThe Bell system operates most local service and all long-distance service.IAT&T sells 90% of the phone equipment from their manufacturer, Western4
Electric, to the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs). DIndependent companies buy the other 10% of equipment from privatemanufacturers.S ZYD	  D The year is still 1956: CA 1949 Department of Justice suit against AT&T is settled by theD1956 Consent	Decree2	.  This agreement limits AT&T to providing only9regulated common
	carrier/	service.  In addition, do you think the FCC:  A Irequires the separation of manufacturing from operations and research?
 %or  B >drops their demand for the divestiture of Western Electric? S @ Select A-B S [[ \\, Just the opposite!  The correct answer is*B!+.  Since AT&T can keep Western? Electric, AT&T's manufacturing (done by Western Electric) is=notAseparated from other operations.S ]]D	  DQ That's right.  By dropping this demand, the FCC does not succeed in separatingG manufacturing (done by Western Electric) from other AT&T operations.S ]]	  D The year is still 1956:  AT&T challenges makers of the!Hush-A-Phone -, a plastic cup attached to a-phone's handset to limit background noise.
 
AT&T tariffs (laws) prohibit
 foreign attachment
3to their equipment ornetwork.
 F
The Hush-A-Phone Company appeals to the FCC.  Do you think the FCC:  A (agrees with the Hush-A-Phone Company?   B agrees with AT&T? S @ Select A-B S ^^ __1 No, sorry, but it should have because the U.S.!/Circuit Court of Appeals over-P turns the FCC's ruling and says that AT&T's tariff was "an unwarranted inter-P ference with the telephone subscriber's right reasonably to use his telephone in ways which are0privately beneficial without being publically@detrimental."S ``	  DQ That's right, but the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturns the FCC's rulingR and says that AT&T's tariff was "an unwarranted interference with the telephoneG subscriber's right reasonably to use his telephone in ways which areEprivately& beneficial without being publically$detrimental."S ``	  D The year is now 1968: The makers of the
Carterfone0 (used to connect car radios with the nationalHnetwork) appeal to the FCC when AT&T refuses to allow them to use the
	equipment. Do you think the FCC:  A rules against the use of the
$Carterfone   B 
allows the
Carterfone   C Dallows consumers to connect any equipment to the national network S @ Select A-C S aa bb ccJ No, that's wrong.  The FCC uses the Hush-A-Phone precedent to allow theQ connection of the Carterfone and other customer-provided equipment, as long as it doesn't harm the network.S ddD	  DN Almost, but the FCC goes even further, using the Hush-A-Phone decision as aR precedent.  It allows the connection of any consumer-provided equipment as long& as it isn't harmful to the network.S ddD	  DP That's right.  Using the Hush-A-Phone decision as a precedent, the FCC allowsN any consumer-provided equipment as long as it isn't harmful to the network.S ddD	  D The year is now 1969: PMCI (formerly Microwave Communications, Inc.) receives a license from the FCCMto create a microwave radio link between Chicago and St. Louis.  They will:	be competing directly with AT&T Long-Distance Services. %The Bell system has introduced the&P'rotective1C2onnecting<A=rrangement (PCA)Irequiring users of non-Bell equipment to pay for special couplers whenP
connecting such equipment to the Bell network in order to protect the networkPfrom possible electrical harm.  This causes an outcry from both consumers andcompetitors.S edD	  D The year is now 1972: JIn response to the Protective Connecting Arrangement, the FCC begins toFanalyze the technical considerations of connecting equipment to the	phone network. Do you think the FCC:
 
 A /
requires the PCA for all non-Bell equipment?   B prohibits the PCA? S @ Select A-B S ff ggR No, actually the opposite occurred.  The FCC recognizes the need to protect theK network, but instead of the PCA, the FCC starts its Registration ProgramIthatM sets up standards for equipment to be connected to the phone network.  The( program isn't implemented until 1977.S hhD	  DO That's right.  Although it takes several years to implement, the FCC insteadK begins a registration program that sets up standards for equipment to beG connected to the phone network.  The program is implemented in 1977.S hhD	  D The year is now 1974: MSpecialized carriers, like MCI, are allowed to connect their private linesOto the phone company's local loops, making alternative long-distance service	much more widely available. EThe Department of Justice files an antitrust suit against AT&T for9monopolization in telecommunications and requests the:  A Gdivestiture of Western Union, AT&T Long Lines,and the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs).  B Fthe separation of local phone companies from long-distance services and manufacturing.S @ Select A-B S ii jj	 AnswerA	is right and answerBis the reason.  The Justice
;DepartmentE wants to separate local service from potentially competitive areasClike- long distance and equipment manufacturing.S kkD	  D	 AnswerB	is right and answerA-is how the Justice Department proposes theM separation be accomplished.  Through divestiture the FCC hopes to separateH local service from competitive areas like long distance and equipment manufacturing.S kkD	  D The year is now 1978: IJudge Harold H. Greene has taken over the antitrust suit against AT&T. KThe commercial use of fiber optics for carrying telephone communications
has begun to grow rapidly.S llD	  D The year is now 1982: )The Justice Department and AT&T sign a*consent decree8.  The antitrust suitLwill be dropped, but AT&T must divest itself of the 22 wholly-owned local1	Bell Operating Companies (BOCs).  In addition:  A !AT&T must pay damages charges.
   B +AT&T is free of the 1956 consent decree. S @ Press A-B S mm nn
 No, answerB>
is correct.  Free of the 1956 consent decree, which limitedI AT&T to common carrier service, AT&T can now enter other markets (like computers).S ooD	  DO That's right.  Free of the 1956 consent decree, which limited AT&T to commonF carrier service, AT&T can now enter other markets (like computers).S ooD	  D The year is now 1984: +Orwell's predictions have not come true. AAT&T and the Bell system divestiture takes place.  The result:--AT&T Long Lines
becomesAT&T Communications--Western Electric
becomesAT&T TechnologiesH-- Seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) are formed, dubbed"The Baby Bells."S ppD	  D The year is now 1986: LWith divestiture behind us, the marketplace has exploded with competitive	services and products. (Long-distance options have increased.
 #
Private networks have increased. Deregulation has resulted in changes and choices3--the topic of anotherunit.S [  Z [ D	  DS @ Press space S    G   G pG  @	G  S    O  ͻ   O   ͼ   O       S t  O  ͻ   O   ͼ   O       S u    S w    I 	EVOLUTION OF THE U.S. TELEPHONE INDUSTRY - Unit 2   	Changes and Choices5 ..................................................S w   DeregulationF This unit describes the divestiture of AT&T and deregulation of the telecommunications industry.O These events have resulted in a wide variety of changes and choices for both'
 residential and corporate customers.2 Let's start by looking at the structure of AT&T	0before7divestiture.S xwq	  qG Prior to divestiture in 1984, AT&T was known as "The Phone Company."R That's because AT&T probably took care of all aspects of your phone service and	 equipment, including: equipment rental or purchase installation local service long-distance service 
repairsS yxq	  q6 And AT&T was structured to meet all of these needs:S } | { z BELL LABS	The "brains" of
AT&T, did mostof the researchand development
for new phoneproducts atAT&T.S        {WESTERN ELECTRIC	Manufactured
most of AT&T'sequipment, basedon design
specificationsfrom Bell Labs.S   &    |)BELL OPERATING)COMPANIES (BOCs)	)(pronounced "Bee-
)oh-seas").)The "local" phone
)companies rented)or sold the)equipment made by)Western Electric
)as well as)provided instal-)lation and local)service.S '  :    }=AT&T LONG LINES	=Provided access
=to the long-=distance network=around the world.S ;  N    ~q	  qP While this system worked well for AT&T, the Department of Justice decided theK setup represented a monopoly within the telecommunications industry, and8 requested divestiture.  In 1984 divestiture occurred.S q	  q  S p                                                                                7	 p                    AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH	4x -	6p- AT&T                    S
 p                                                                                 p Op  p Op 
 p 
Op  p EB E L L         W E S T E R N           B E L L            A T & TOp  p Op  p EL A B S        E L E C T R I C     O P E R A T I N G       L O N GOp  p Op  p #*C O M P A N I E S      L I N E SOp  p Op  p Op  p Op S p                                                                                S         '    (  ;    <  N    Bell Labs
Became theresearch anddevelopmentdepartment forAT&T.S         Western ElectricBecame AT&TTechnologies.S   '    +Bell Operating
+Companies*Split from AT&T*and became the*Regional3Bell*Operating*Companies*(RBOCs).S (  ;     >AT&T Long Lines>Became AT&T>Communications.S <  N    tq	  q0 But these changes affected more than just the.names4of the companies.M Divestiture freed AT&T from the 1956 Consent Decree (which limited them to/ common carrier service) and allowed them to: p Ap 'Install and use fiber-optic systems. 
 
p 
B
p 
Enter the computer market.  p Cp %Begin using microwave radio links. S @ Select A-C S   L No, that's incorrect.  There's never been a limit on AT&T regarding fiberI optics, but they had been prevented from entering the computer market.S q	  qN That's right.  No longer being limited to telecommunications, AT&T was free/ to enter the computer (or any other) market.S q	  qQ No, that's incorrect.  There's never been a limit on AT&T in regard to the useM of microwave links, but they had been prevented from entering the computer
 market.S q	  q Divestiture was intended toimprove competition!0in certain markets.  Which one of the choices below wasnot0affected directly by divestiture, in terms of	 competition? p Ap -Telecommunications equipment manufacturing
  p Bp Long-distance service  p Cp Local service S @ Select A-C S   P No, that's incorrect.  Equipment manufacturing and sales was one of the primeB targets for improved competition after divestiture.  Try again.S   P No, that's incorrect.  Long-distance service was one of the prime targets for6 improved competition after divestiture.  Try again.S   M Yes.  The RBOCs (pronounced "are-box") were allowed to continue to provideO exclusive local service without competition in order to maintain the qualityM and continuity of local service.  However, the RBOCs were mostly preventedL from manufacturing and providing long-distance and computerized services.S q	  q LATAS Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) are geographical areas within which the3 Regional Bell Operating Companies offer service.
 Do you think:
 
p 
A
p &
A LATA is the same as an area code?  p Bp &A LATA is bigger than an area code?  p Cp 7There is no connection between LATAs and area codes? S @ Select A-C S   N No, LATAs and area codes can be confusing, but they are not the same thing.R Area codes assign a three-digit number to a particular area based on populationP and other factors.  LATAs are just geographical boundaries for the purpose of* dividing local service among the RBOCs.S uq	  qO Not necessarily.  A LATA may be larger, smaller, or the same size as an areaQ code.  But area codes are three-digit numbers assigned to an area based on itsP population and other factors.  LATAs are just geographical boundaries for the5 purpose of dividing local service among the RBOCs.S uq	  qO That's right.  Although LATAs and area codes can correspond, an area code isR part of the numbering plan and is based on population and other factors.  LATAsS are just geographical boundaries for the purpose of dividing local service among
 the RBOCs.S uq	  q Long-Distance ServicesG One of the most obvious changes resulting from deregulation has beenElong distance.3 By federal law, local phone companies must offer1equal access>to the long-+
 distance company of a customer's choice.
*Equal access
7means that, as aR customer, you need only dial "1" to be connected with your chosen long-distance company.S tq	  q  T or
 F  
- After choosing a long-distance company for+equal access7, you are still able-	 to use other long-distance companies, too.S @ Select T or F S  L That's right, it's true.  Many people think that choosing a long distanceP company as your Primary Carrier limits you to that carrier.  In reality, onlyS the form of access is limited to your primary carrier--that is, reaching them byR dialing "1."  You may still use other long-distance services, although this may2 require special phone numbers and access codes.S rq	  qK No, sorry, that's true.  Many people think that choosing a long-distanceP company as your Primary Carrier limits you to that carrier.  In reality, onlyS the form of access is limited to your primary carrier--that is, reaching them byR dialing "1."  You may still use other long-distance services, although this may2 require special phone numbers and access codes.S rq	  q Phone Equipment and Wiring  Before deregulation, everyone	rented(%their phones.  In the 1970s it becameM	 possible to own your phones.  This change in phone equipment ownership wasL intended to increase competition for these products.  Of course, this has&
 caused some problems for consumers._____________________p     
#t Q-MART*p     /t 8___;_________________ ___@_______________pxp tDEPARTMENT STORE 0p8;p                   Hx!p                              8;p <tNICK'S TV,STEREOLp  @ OTHE PHONE STORE@ x!p                              8;p <x   
?tAND PHONESIx   Lp  @ HH@ xp $x%@   )H*p-PHONE4x5p 8;p <?x HxILp  @ ___________HH@ xp ___________$x%@   )H*p+__-SALE!2__4x5p 8;p <?x @________HxILp  @             p__H@ xp             %H  '@(H *p            9;p <
?x          ILp S tq	  qJ If you buy your own phone, and something goes wrong with it, who do you call?
 
p 
A
p 
AT&T  p Bp Your local phone company
  p Cp The manufacturer S @ Select A-C S   A Only if it's an AT&T phone!  Guess who you call if it's not...S   D Only if you bought it there.  Guess who you call if you didn't...S   P That's right.  You must return the phone to the manufacturer in order to have7 it repaired.  Now let's look at a similar problem...S q	  qG Before deregulation, the wiring in your home or office was installedEand) maintained by the local phone company.F	 Now you can install it yourself or have a contractor do it for you.' If you experience a problem with the	%wiring!,in your home or office, who do you think will fix it? p Ap You  p Bp The phone company  p Cp The contractor S @ Select A-C S   Q That's possible, if you're capable of doing the job.  But most people must payC the phone company or a contractor to make any necessary repairs.S q	  qP That's right.  Either the phone company or a contractor can make the repairs.$ But either way, you pay the bill.S q	  qL One last question: suppose you're having problems making calls and you'reJnot sure5if it's the phone or the wiring.  Who do you call?	 	p 	A	p 	The phone company
  p Bp The phone's manufacturer 
 
p 
C
p 
A contractor S @ Select A-C S   N Right.  If you're like most people, you'll do what you always did--call theP phone company.  But if the problem is not the lines outside of your building,N you'll probably have to pay for the service.  One of the biggest changes inC phone service is the shift of responsibility for identifying theAproblem.  TheR phone company used to diagnose as well as repair.  Now the consumer must do the$ diagnosis and pay for the repair.S q	  qR No, only if you're sure it's a problem with the phone.  If you're not sure, who do you call?S   P Possibly, but it'll probably cost you.  If you're like most people, you'll doN what you always did--call the phone company.  But if the problem is not theO lines outside of your building, you'll probably have to pay for the service.Q One of the biggest changes in phone service is the shift of responsibility for identifying theBproblem.  The phone company used to diagnose as well as repair.A Now the consumer must do the diagnosis and pay for the repair.S q	  q  J 	SUMMARY   	The Changes Continue4 .................................................M Judge Harold H. Greene took over the AT&T antitrust suit in 1978.  Many ofN the changes and choices you've learned about in this section are the direct5	 result of judicial action by Greene and his staff.R The continued interpretation of the agreement between the Department of Justice% and AT&T could result in even more
#changes+and
/choices7for phone service
 customers.S [  Z q	  q  J 	EVOLUTION OF THE U.S. TELEPHONE INDUSTRY - Unit 3   	Services Rendered4 .................................................' Telecommunications Service ProvidersL This unit describes some of the new services that are evolving within theP	 telecommunications industry as a result of increased competition and advances in technology.R These services affect local and long-distance service, data communications, and private networks.S q	  qK You've been assigned to a special government task force, responsible for4 evaluating these new telecommunications services.R	 Your job is to find the most effective solution for a new private network being developed by theDepartmentOfT op#S$ecrets (D.O.T.S.).
x 

"p
#
(p
)
*x
+x x !D.O.T.S.)x x "x   'x 
!x     +px"x   'px
  p"x#S q	  qN You begin your new job by meeting your co-workers.  You receive a personnel6 brief on each of them.  Who would you like to meet?
 
p 
A 
Joan Van Dyke
- An expert in
#value-added networks

8(VANs). 
 
 B 
Virgil Nelson+
- A recent hire like you, well-versed in
=virtual networks
M.   C Isabel Dunstan=- A scholarly type, with an eye towards the development of Integrated"S
#ervices+D	,igital3N4etwork (ISDN).0 After meeting all three, press D to continue.S @ Select A-D S    tK "Hi!  I'm Joan Van Dyke, nice to meet you," she says.  After introducing yourself, you ask her:	 	p 	A 8	"What is this new private network project all about?"
   B ""What's a value-added network?"
   C  "Where's the coffee machine?" 4 After asking your questions, press D to continue.S @ Select A-D S    H Joan explains, "The government is interested in developing a nationalL communications network that is private enough for the security conscious,P adaptable enough to access anyone anywhere, and capable of carrying voice and
 data and perhaps video."R
 She concludes, "They want all of this with good transmission quality and within6 their budget constraints.  Welcome to the project!"S q	  qR Joan smiles, "A value-added network, or VAN, is a type of network that provides" special services to its users."H	 Drawing on her blackboard, she says, "This may include features like: Protocol conversion-:that allows different types of computers to communicate#
through special network software Electronic mail-5that routes text messages from one user to another Voice store/forward6- that can store and send voice messages to network
users."S q	  qP "Funny you should ask," laughs Joan.  "Our coffee machine is connected to our/ network along with our PCs and FAX machines.S	 "One of the engineers thought it would be nice to know when the coffee was ready& in the morning, so he hooked it up. "By typing the word `	coffee4' on you PC, you'll get a complete update on whenP it's ready and even notes like what types are available.  I think you'll only+ find this unique feature here, however."S q	  qJ Finally you ask Joan, "What are some examples of value-added networks?"O Joan says, "Well, there are a good number of them, but you may have heard of	 Tymnet and Telenet."Q "All of them provide some basic services and then each of them provides unique
 benefits."S q	  q+ "Virgil Nelson here.  Nice to meet you."L Virgil is a tall, older man who seems a bit strange to you.  You ask him:
 
p 
A 
About his background. 
 
 B &
To tell you about virtual networks. 4 After asking your questions, press C to continue.S @ Select A-C S   J Virgil laughs, "Oh, my background is very diverse.  I've worked for THEQ Phone Company.  I've done some private industry work.  I've strung cable.  You" name it, I've probably done it.S "Virtual networks are like that, too.  They do whatever they need to get the jobS
 done, but they're not really a private network like we're designing.  Of course,/ it'll be hard to tell that that's the case."S q	  q2 You look puzzled as Virgil sits down.  He seems9p9p::::Dp5 younger and shorter than a moment ago.  He notices9p::::Cp9p::;:<p:>p:?::Cp your confusion and laughs:9p::::>:::A@   Ep	;
;7 "Many people tell me that I'm not always what I seem;;
 to be.  Well

Virtual Networks
are a lot like that.
;;;3 "Let's say you want to connect your four biggest;;1 offices across the country.  You can lay cable/__1__3__;9::::Cp 6 between them, or lease lines already in place.  But9::::>O:::B:::9::::>O:?@::Bp:::% either way, it's going to cost you#a lot(."9::::	>@::::::Dp Fp  S q	  q# "Virtual Networks are defined by!software), not by<p  ?  equipment
like cabling.<p  ? 8OFFICE 1<p	?E7 "You can lease very short lines between each of yourEFpCOHIp.	 offices and your local central office (CO).	+_________	=p 	>t 	E	Ip
<p   
?t 
F7 "These lines, in turn, can be connected to a variety9; <tLONG ABCDEF of long-distance carriers._____ _!_"_#_&The major9; <tDIST 5
 difference is that you're not paying for the long-
9
<p distance linesallof the time.  Instead,93 you're billed based on the time and distance you9=p  / use the network.  This type of a network can9<    6 provide you with the convenience of a LAN over long9	;t LONG  distances."9; <tDIST@ ABCDEF<pFGpCOI>p   F>p   FpHIp>OFFICE 2FS q	  q:@;O...>@:@;O:::>@2 "Finally," concludes Virgil, "you don't have to:@;O:::>@?H7 connect up with all of the COs.  You may bypass some<Gw of them with a leased line,microwave, or fiber<Ep CO 6	 optic cable that goes directly to your chosen long-	<	Ep    7
 distance company.  You'll be seeing virtual networks
<
Dbypassed6 playing a more dominant role in future telecommuni-;:: cation projects.":::::
:::::5 You thank Virgil and note that his hair has become	9::::::5 blond and that he seems to have put on 200 pounds.<H You leave quickly.<GF=F=;@<O...?@;@<O:::?@9;@<O:::?@S q	  qP Isabel Dunstan shakes your hand and is very pleasant, but seems to be lookingB through you to somewhere else.  You introduce yourself and ask:	 	p 	A 	"What is ISDN?"
   B &"What is your part in the project?"
   C ""May I see the ISDN standards?" 4 After asking your questions, press D to continue.S @ Select A-D S    9 "ISDN," says Isabel, after a long pause, "is short for7I8ntegratedBS
Cervices D	igitalN	etwork."Q	 Trying to look competent, you say, "I knew that, but I wondered if we have one already?"P Isabel looks at you in a way that is reassuring but lets you know you've said, something dumb.  She says, "ISDN is not a*thing$/, at least not yet.  It's a plan, a strategy."S q	  q4 A plan?"  You ask, giving up on your false front.M "Yes," she continues, "ISDN is a proposed method of networking anything toR	 anything else.  It's an incredibly industrious effort.  ISDN proposes protocolsM for handling any type of information--voice, data, video, you name it.  ItP
 converts them all to a digital form and routes them through the network.  TheS only problem is that ISDN is not fully defined at this point, and may not be for several years!"S q	  qN "My part in this project is to make sure that the network we design is ISDN compatible."N	 "How is that possible," you ask, "if ISDN isn't defined yet?"  Isabel looksQ at you, impressed.  "Excellent question!  I keep asking myself the same thing.Q
 It's not easy to evaluate network components for ISDN compatibility, but some-) times it's easier to see when they are'incompatible3.  Of course, these compar-Q isons are always based on current ISDN standards, all of which are still being defined."S q	  qP "Well," sighs Isabel, "you're welcome to all of the information I have, but IQ must admit it's rather slim.  ISDN is in its early stages and as such is often just a set of proposals."S "But when these proposals become reality, you'll be able to share information asR
 easily as calling a friend on the phone.  All the protocol conversion, languageR translation, and conversion of analog to digital and back will be taken care of8 by the network.  All of it will be invisible to you!"S q	  qN After working with this team for six months, you've all gotten to the pointN where the research is almost complete and it's time to make some decisions.O	 Would you prefer to create an entirely private network, or would you like to use a virtual network? p A 
Private   B 
Virtual S @ Select A-B S  Q OK, a private network will give you maximum control, since you are responsibleK for all of the equipment, but you'll have a lot of work to do to make it/ flexible and the costs are going to be high.S q	  qP OK, a virtual network will give you maximum flexibility and growth potential,J but remember that you will be giving up a lot of control to the company maintaining the network.S q	  q Will your network: p A 9Bypass your local central office using your own lines? 
 
 B 4
Connect to the central office using leased lines? 
 
 C C
Bypass your local central office using leased lines from the CO? S @ Select A-C S   Q OK, this will be a large initial expense, but this option will save you accessM and connection charges to the CO.  You will still need a CO link for local service connections.S u	  qS OK, using the CO to access other parts of the network can be cost effective, but2 you may give up some network control to the CO.S u	  qQ This is a good compromise.  You save access and connect charges but don't needM to create your own bypass links.  You also maintain some control over your network.S  u	  qR You can see from these choices that creating your own network is not easy.  TheQ decisions you make must be right for you.  To make these decisions wisely, you need to know your: Needs
 
Future plans 
Options Suppliers' Now, let's return to the topic menu.S [  Z 	  q