


gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


NAME
       gfdl - GNU Free Documentation License

DESCRIPTION
       GNU Free Documentation License


       Version 1.2, November 2002

               Copyright (c) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
               59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA

               Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
               of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


       0.  PREAMBLE

           The purpose of this License is to make a manual,
           textbook, or other functional and useful document free
           in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
           effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or
           without modifying it, either commercially or
           noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves
           for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
           their work, while not being considered responsible for
           modifications made by others.

           This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means
           that derivative works of the document must themselves
           be free in the same sense.  It complements the GNU
           General Public License, which is a copyleft license
           designed for free software.

           We have designed this License in order to use it for
           manuals for free software, because free software needs
           free documentation: a free program should come with
           manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
           does.  But this License is not limited to software
           manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
           regardless of subject matter or whether it is
           published as a printed book.  We recommend this
           License principally for works whose purpose is
           instruction or reference.

       1.  APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

           This License applies to any manual or other work, in
           any medium, that contains a notice placed by the
           copyright holder saying it can be distributed under
           the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
           world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in
           duration, to use that work under the conditions stated
           herein.  The ``Document'', below, refers to any such



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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
           licensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the
           license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in
           a way requiring permission under copyright law.

           A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work
           containing the Document or a portion of it, either
           copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
           translated into another language.

           A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a
           front-matter section of the Document that deals
           exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
           authors of the Document to the Document's overall
           subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing
           that could fall directly within that overall subject.
           (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of
           mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
           mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
           historical connection with the subject or with related
           matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical,
           ethical or political position regarding them.

           The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary
           Sections whose titles are designated, as being those
           of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that
           the Document is released under this License.  If a
           section does not fit the above definition of Secondary
           then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
           The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections.  If
           the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections
           then there are none.

           The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text
           that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover
           Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is
           released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
           be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at
           most 25 words.

           A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a
           machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose
           specification is available to the general public, that
           is suitable for revising the document
           straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for
           images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or
           (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor,
           and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
           for automatic translation to a variety of formats
           suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in
           an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or
           absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or
           discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
           Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if



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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that
           is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.

           Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies
           include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input
           format, LaTeX input format, @acronym{SGML} or
           @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
           @acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple
           @acronym{HTML}, PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed
           for human modification.  Examples of transparent image
           formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
           @acronym{JPG}.  Opaque formats include proprietary
           formats that can be read and edited only by
           proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
           @acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or
           processing tools are not generally available, and the
           machine-generated @acronym{HTML}, PostScript or
           @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
           output purposes only.

           The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the
           title page itself, plus such following pages as are
           needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
           requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
           formats which do not have any title page as such,
           ``Title Page'' means the text near the most prominent
           appearance of the work's title, preceding the
           beginning of the body of the text.

           A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of
           the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or
           contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
           translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands
           for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
           ``Acknowledgements'', ``Dedications'',
           ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.)  To ``Preserve the
           Title'' of such a section when you modify the Document
           means that it remains a section ``Entitled XYZ''
           according to this definition.

           The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to
           the notice which states that this License applies to
           the Document.  These Warranty Disclaimers are
           considered to be included by reference in this
           License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties:
           any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
           may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of
           this License.

       2.  VERBATIM COPYING

           You may copy and distribute the Document in any
           medium, either commercially or noncommercially,
           provided that this License, the copyright notices, and



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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           the license notice saying this License applies to the
           Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
           add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
           License.  You may not use technical measures to
           obstruct or control the reading or further copying of
           the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may
           accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
           distribute a large enough number of copies you must
           also follow the conditions in section 3.

           You may also lend copies, under the same conditions
           stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

       3.  COPYING IN QUANTITY

           If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that
           commonly have printed covers) of the Document,
           numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
           notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
           copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
           these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
           cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both
           covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as
           the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must
           present the full title with all words of the title
           equally prominent and visible.  You may add other
           material on the covers in addition.  Copying with
           changes limited to the covers, as long as they
           preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
           conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
           other respects.

           If the required texts for either cover are too
           voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first
           ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
           cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

           If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the
           Document numbering more than 100, you must either
           include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with
           each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
           a computer-network location from which the general
           network-using public has access to download using
           public-standard network protocols a complete
           Transparent copy of the Document, free of added
           material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
           reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution
           of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
           Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
           stated location until at least one year after the last
           time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
           through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
           the public.




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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           It is requested, but not required, that you contact
           the authors of the Document well before redistributing
           any large number of copies, to give them a chance to
           provide you with an updated version of the Document.

       4.  MODIFICATIONS

           You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
           Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3
           above, provided that you release the Modified Version
           under precisely this License, with the Modified
           Version filling the role of the Document, thus
           licensing distribution and modification of the
           Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
           In addition, you must do these things in the Modified
           Version:

           A.  Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any)
               a title distinct from that of the Document, and
               from those of previous versions (which should, if
               there were any, be listed in the History section
               of the Document).  You may use the same title as a
               previous version if the original publisher of that
               version gives permission.

           B.  List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
               persons or entities responsible for authorship of
               the modifications in the Modified Version,
               together with at least five of the principal
               authors of the Document (all of its principal
               authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they
               release you from this requirement.

           C.  State on the Title page the name of the publisher
               of the Modified Version, as the publisher.

           D.  Preserve all the copyright notices of the
               Document.

           E.  Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
               modifications adjacent to the other copyright
               notices.

           F.  Include, immediately after the copyright notices,
               a license notice giving the public permission to
               use the Modified Version under the terms of this
               License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

           G.  Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
               Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given
               in the Document's license notice.

           H.  Include an unaltered copy of this License.




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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           I.  Preserve the section Entitled ``History'',
               Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating
               at least the title, year, new authors, and
               publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
               Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled
               ``History'' in the Document, create one stating
               the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
               Document as given on its Title Page, then add an
               item describing the Modified Version as stated in
               the previous sentence.

           J.  Preserve the network location, if any, given in
               the Document for public access to a Transparent
               copy of the Document, and likewise the network
               locations given in the Document for previous
               versions it was based on.  These may be placed in
               the ``History'' section.  You may omit a network
               location for a work that was published at least
               four years before the Document itself, or if the
               original publisher of the version it refers to
               gives permission.

           K.  For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or
               ``Dedications'', Preserve the Title of the
               section, and preserve in the section all the
               substance and tone of each of the contributor
               acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

           L.  Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the
               Document, unaltered in their text and in their
               titles.  Section numbers or the equivalent are not
               considered part of the section titles.

           M.  Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''.
               Such a section may not be included in the Modified
               Version.

           N.  Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
               ``Endorsements'' or to conflict in title with any
               Invariant Section.

           O.  Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

           If the Modified Version includes new front-matter
           sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary
           Sections and contain no material copied from the
           Document, you may at your option designate some or all
           of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
           titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the
           Modified Version's license notice.  These titles must
           be distinct from any other section titles.

           You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'',
           provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your



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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           Modified Version by various parties---for example,
           statements of peer review or that the text has been
           approved by an organization as the authoritative
           definition of a standard.

           You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-
           Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-
           Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in
           the Modified Version.  Only one passage of Front-Cover
           Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
           through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
           Document already includes a cover text for the same
           cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made
           by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
           may not add another; but you may replace the old one,
           on explicit permission from the previous publisher
           that added the old one.

           The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not
           by this License give permission to use their names for
           publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any
           Modified Version.

       5.  COMBINING DOCUMENTS

           You may combine the Document with other documents
           released under this License, under the terms defined
           in section 4 above for modified versions, provided
           that you include in the combination all of the
           Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
           unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of
           your combined work in its license notice, and that you
           preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

           The combined work need only contain one copy of this
           License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may
           be replaced with a single copy.  If there are multiple
           Invariant Sections with the same name but different
           contents, make the title of each such section unique
           by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name
           of the original author or publisher of that section if
           known, or else a unique number.  Make the same
           adjustment to the section titles in the list of
           Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
           combined work.

           In the combination, you must combine any sections
           Entitled ``History'' in the various original
           documents, forming one section Entitled ``History'';
           likewise combine any sections Entitled
           ``Acknowledgements'', and any sections Entitled
           ``Dedications''.  You must delete all sections
           Entitled ``Endorsements.''




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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


       6.  COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

           You may make a collection consisting of the Document
           and other documents released under this License, and
           replace the individual copies of this License in the
           various documents with a single copy that is included
           in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
           of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
           documents in all other respects.

           You may extract a single document from such a
           collection, and distribute it individually under this
           License, provided you insert a copy of this License
           into the extracted document, and follow this License
           in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
           that document.

       7.  AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

           A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with
           other separate and independent documents or works, in
           or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is
           called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright resulting
           from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
           rights of the compilation's users beyond what the
           individual works permit.  When the Document is
           included an aggregate, this License does not apply to
           the other works in the aggregate which are not
           themselves derivative works of the Document.

           If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is
           applicable to these copies of the Document, then if
           the Document is less than one half of the entire
           aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
           covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate,
           or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document
           is in electronic form.  Otherwise they must appear on
           printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

       8.  TRANSLATION

           Translation is considered a kind of modification, so
           you may distribute translations of the Document under
           the terms of section 4.  Replacing Invariant Sections
           with translations requires special permission from
           their copyright holders, but you may include
           translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
           addition to the original versions of these Invariant
           Sections.  You may include a translation of this
           License, and all the license notices in the Document,
           and any Warrany Disclaimers, provided that you also
           include the original English version of this License
           and the original versions of those notices and
           disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between the



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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


           translation and the original version of this License
           or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
           prevail.

           If a section in the Document is Entitled
           ``Acknowledgements'', ``Dedications'', or ``History'',
           the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title
           (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
           title.

       9.  TERMINATION

           You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute
           the Document except as expressly provided for under
           this License.  Any other attempt to copy, modify,
           sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and
           will automatically terminate your rights under this
           License.  However, parties who have received copies,
           or rights, from you under this License will not have
           their licenses terminated so long as such parties
           remain in full compliance.

       10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

           The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
           versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from
           time to time.  Such new versions will be similar in
           spirit to the present version, but may differ in
           detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
           <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.

           Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
           version number.  If the Document specifies that a
           particular numbered version of this License ``or any
           later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
           following the terms and conditions either of that
           specified version or of any later version that has
           been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
           Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a
           version number of this License, you may choose any
           version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
           Software Foundation.

       ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

       To use this License in a document you have written,
       include a copy of the License in the document and put the
       following copyright and license notices just after the
       title page:








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gfdl(7)                        GNU                        gfdl(7)


                 Copyright (C)  <year>  <your name>.
                 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
                 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
                 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
                 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
                 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
                 Free Documentation License''.

       If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and
       Back-Cover Texts, replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with
       this:

                   with the Invariant Sections being <list their titles>, with
                   the Front-Cover Texts being <list>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
                   being <list>.

       If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or
       some other combination of the three, merge those two
       alternatives to suit the situation.

       If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
       code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel
       under your choice of free software license, such as the
       GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free
       software.

SEE ALSO
       gpl(7), fsf-funding(7).

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  59
       Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA

       Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
       copies of this license document, but changing it is not
       allowed.





















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