This is Info file ../g77-0.5.23/f/g77.info, produced by Makeinfo
version 1.68 from the input file ../g77-0.5.23/f/g77.texi.

   This file explains how to use the GNU Fortran system.

   Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

   Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for
Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are
included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public
License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight
`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in
translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
original English.

   Contributed by James Craig Burley (<burley@gnu.org>).  Inspired by a
first pass at translating `g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' that was contributed to
Craig by David Ronis (<ronis@onsager.chem.mcgill.ca>).

INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* g77: (g77).                  The GNU Fortran compiler.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: g77.info,  Node: Overall Options,  Next: Shorthand Options,  Prev: Option Summary,  Up: Invoking G77

Options Controlling the Kind of Output
======================================

   Compilation can involve as many as four stages: preprocessing, code
generation (often what is really meant by the term "compilation"),
assembly, and linking, always in that order.  The first three stages
apply to an individual source file, and end by producing an object
file; linking combines all the object files (those newly compiled, and
those specified as input) into an executable file.

   For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind
of program is contained in the file--that is, the language in which the
program is written is generally indicated by the suffix.  Suffixes
specific to GNU Fortran are listed below.  *Note gcc: (Using and
Porting GNU CC)Overall Options, for information on suffixes recognized
by GNU CC.

`FILE.f'

`FILE.for'
     Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.

     Such source code cannot contain any preprocessor directives, such
     as `#include', `#define', `#if', and so on.

`FILE.F'

`FILE.fpp'
     Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (by the C
     preprocessor `cpp', which is part of GNU CC).

     Note that preprocessing is not extended to the contents of files
     included by the `INCLUDE' directive--the `#include' preprocessor
     directive must be used instead.

`FILE.r'
     Ratfor source code, which must be preprocessed by the `ratfor'
     command, which is available separately (as it is not yet part of
     the GNU Fortran distribution).

   UNIX users typically use the `FILE.f' and `FILE.F' nomenclature.
Users of other operating systems, especially those that cannot
distinguish upper-case letters from lower-case letters in their file
names, typically use the `FILE.for' and `FILE.fpp' nomenclature.

   Use of the preprocessor `cpp' allows use of C-like constructs such
as `#define' and `#include', but can lead to unexpected, even mistaken,
results due to Fortran's source file format.  It is recommended that
use of the C preprocessor be limited to `#include' and, in conjunction
with `#define', only `#if' and related directives, thus avoiding
in-line macro expansion entirely.  This recommendation applies
especially when using the traditional fixed source form.  With free
source form, fewer unexpected transformations are likely to happen, but
use of constructs such as Hollerith and character constants can
nevertheless present problems, especially when these are continued
across multiple source lines.  These problems result, primarily, from
differences between the way such constants are interpreted by the C
preprocessor and by a Fortran compiler.

   Another example of a problem that results from using the C
preprocessor is that a Fortran comment line that happens to contain any
characters "interesting" to the C preprocessor, such as a backslash at
the end of the line, is not recognized by the preprocessor as a comment
line, so instead of being passed through "raw", the line is edited
according to the rules for the preprocessor.  For example, the
backslash at the end of the line is removed, along with the subsequent
newline, resulting in the next line being effectively commented
out--unfortunate if that line is a non-comment line of important code!

   *Note:* The `-traditional' and `-undef' flags are supplied to `cpp'
by default, to avoid unpleasant surprises.  *Note Options Controlling
the Preprocessor: (gcc)Preprocessor Options.  This means that ANSI C
preprocessor features (such as the `#' operator) aren't available, and
only variables in the C reserved namespace (generally, names with a
leading underscore) are liable to substitution by C predefines.  Thus,
if you want to do system-specific tests, use, for example, `#ifdef
__linux__' rather than `#ifdef linux'.  Use the `-v' option to see
exactly how the preprocessor is invoked.

   The following options that affect overall processing are recognized
by the `g77' and `gcc' commands in a GNU Fortran installation:

`-fversion'
     Ensure that the `g77'-specific version of the compiler phase is
     reported, if run.  (This is supplied automatically when `-v' or
     `--verbose' is specified as a command-line option for `g77' or
     `gcc' and when the resulting commands compile Fortran source
     files.)

`-fset-g77-defaults'
     Set up whatever `gcc' options are to apply to Fortran
     compilations, and avoid running internal consistency checks that
     might take some time.

     This option is supplied automatically when compiling Fortran code
     via the `g77' or `gcc' command.  The description of this option is
     provided so that users seeing it in the output of, say, `g77 -v'
     understand why it is there.

     Also, developers who run `f771' directly might want to specify it
     by hand to get the same defaults as they would running `f771' via
     `g77' or `gcc'.  However, such developers should, after linking a
     new `f771' executable, invoke it without this option once, e.g.
     via `./f771 -quiet < /dev/null', to ensure that they have not
     introduced any internal inconsistencies (such as in the table of
     intrinsics) before proceeding--`g77' will crash with a diagnostic
     if it detects an inconsistency.

`-fno-silent'
     Print (to `stderr') the names of the program units as they are
     compiled, in a form similar to that used by popular UNIX `f77'
     implementations and `f2c'.

   *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: (gcc)Overall Options,
for information on more options that control the overall operation of
the `gcc' command (and, by extension, the `g77' command).


File: g77.info,  Node: Shorthand Options,  Next: Fortran Dialect Options,  Prev: Overall Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Shorthand Options
=================

   The following options serve as "shorthand" for other options
accepted by the compiler:

`-fugly'
     Specify that certain "ugly" constructs are to be quietly accepted.
     Same as:

          -fugly-args -fugly-assign -fugly-assumed
          -fugly-comma -fugly-complex -fugly-init
          -fugly-logint

     These constructs are considered inappropriate to use in new or
     well-maintained portable Fortran code, but widely used in old code.
     *Note Distensions::, for more information.

     *Note:* The `-fugly' option is likely to be removed in a future
     version.  Implicitly enabling all the `-fugly-*' options is
     unlikely to be feasible, or sensible, in the future, so users
     should learn to specify only those `-fugly-*' options they really
     need for a particular source file.

`-fno-ugly'
     Specify that all "ugly" constructs are to be noisily rejected.
     Same as:

          -fno-ugly-args -fno-ugly-assign -fno-ugly-assumed
          -fno-ugly-comma -fno-ugly-complex -fno-ugly-init
          -fno-ugly-logint

     *Note Distensions::, for more information.

`-ff66'
     Specify that the program is written in idiomatic FORTRAN 66.  Same
     as `-fonetrip -fugly-assumed'.

     The `-fno-f66' option is the inverse of `-ff66'.  As such, it is
     the same as `-fno-onetrip -fno-ugly-assumed'.

     The meaning of this option is likely to be refined as future
     versions of `g77' provide more compatibility with other existing
     and obsolete Fortran implementations.

`-ff77'
     Specify that the program is written in idiomatic UNIX FORTRAN 77
     and/or the dialect accepted by the `f2c' product.  Same as
     `-fbackslash -fno-typeless-boz'.

     The meaning of this option is likely to be refined as future
     versions of `g77' provide more compatibility with other existing
     and obsolete Fortran implementations.

`-fno-f77'
     The `-fno-f77' option is *not* the inverse of `-ff77'.  It
     specifies that the program is not written in idiomatic UNIX
     FORTRAN 77 or `f2c', but in a more widely portable dialect.
     `-fno-f77' is the same as `-fno-backslash'.

     The meaning of this option is likely to be refined as future
     versions of `g77' provide more compatibility with other existing
     and obsolete Fortran implementations.


File: g77.info,  Node: Fortran Dialect Options,  Next: Warning Options,  Prev: Shorthand Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options Controlling Fortran Dialect
===================================

   The following options control the dialect of Fortran that the
compiler accepts:

`-ffree-form'

`-fno-fixed-form'
     Specify that the source file is written in free form (introduced
     in Fortran 90) instead of the more-traditional fixed form.

`-ff90'
     Allow certain Fortran-90 constructs.

     This option controls whether certain Fortran 90 constructs are
     recognized.  (Other Fortran 90 constructs might or might not be
     recognized depending on other options such as `-fvxt',
     `-ff90-intrinsics-enable', and the current level of support for
     Fortran 90.)

     *Note Fortran 90::, for more information.

`-fvxt'
     Specify the treatment of certain constructs that have different
     meanings depending on whether the code is written in GNU Fortran
     (based on FORTRAN 77 and akin to Fortran 90) or VXT Fortran (more
     like VAX FORTRAN).

     The default is `-fno-vxt'.  `-fvxt' specifies that the VXT Fortran
     interpretations for those constructs are to be chosen.

     *Note VXT Fortran::, for more information.

`-fdollar-ok'
     Allow `$' as a valid character in a symbol name.

`-fno-backslash'
     Specify that `\' is not to be specially interpreted in character
     and Hollerith constants a la C and many UNIX Fortran compilers.

     For example, with `-fbackslash' in effect, `A\nB' specifies three
     characters, with the second one being newline.  With
     `-fno-backslash', it specifies four characters, `A', `\', `n', and
     `B'.

     Note that `g77' implements a fairly general form of backslash
     processing that is incompatible with the narrower forms supported
     by some other compilers.  For example, `'A\003B'' is a
     three-character string in `g77', whereas other compilers that
     support backslash might not support the three-octal-digit form,
     and thus treat that string as longer than three characters.

     *Note Backslash in Constants::, for information on why
     `-fbackslash' is the default instead of `-fno-backslash'.

`-fno-ugly-args'
     Disallow passing Hollerith and typeless constants as actual
     arguments (for example, `CALL FOO(4HABCD)').

     *Note Ugly Implicit Argument Conversion::, for more information.

`-fugly-assign'
     Use the same storage for a given variable regardless of whether it
     is used to hold an assigned-statement label (as in `ASSIGN 10 TO
     I') or used to hold numeric data (as in `I = 3').

     *Note Ugly Assigned Labels::, for more information.

`-fugly-assumed'
     Assume any dummy array with a final dimension specified as `1' is
     really an assumed-size array, as if `*' had been specified for the
     final dimension instead of `1'.

     For example, `DIMENSION X(1)' is treated as if it had read
     `DIMENSION X(*)'.

     *Note Ugly Assumed-Size Arrays::, for more information.

`-fugly-comma'
     In an external-procedure invocation, treat a trailing comma in the
     argument list as specification of a trailing null argument, and
     treat an empty argument list as specification of a single null
     argument.

     For example, `CALL FOO(,)' is treated as `CALL FOO(%VAL(0),
     %VAL(0))'.  That is, *two* null arguments are specified by the
     procedure call when `-fugly-comma' is in force.  And `F = FUNC()'
     is treated as `F = FUNC(%VAL(0))'.

     The default behavior, `-fno-ugly-comma', is to ignore a single
     trailing comma in an argument list.  So, by default, `CALL
     FOO(X,)' is treated exactly the same as `CALL FOO(X)'.

     *Note Ugly Null Arguments::, for more information.

`-fugly-complex'
     Do not complain about `REAL(EXPR)' or `AIMAG(EXPR)' when EXPR is a
     `COMPLEX' type other than `COMPLEX(KIND=1)'--usually this is used
     to permit `COMPLEX(KIND=2)' (`DOUBLE COMPLEX') operands.

     The `-ff90' option controls the interpretation of this construct.

     *Note Ugly Complex Part Extraction::, for more information.

`-fno-ugly-init'
     Disallow use of Hollerith and typeless constants as initial values
     (in `PARAMETER' and `DATA' statements), and use of character
     constants to initialize numeric types and vice versa.

     For example, `DATA I/'F'/, CHRVAR/65/, J/4HABCD/' is disallowed by
     `-fno-ugly-init'.

     *Note Ugly Conversion of Initializers::, for more information.

`-fugly-logint'
     Treat `INTEGER' and `LOGICAL' variables and expressions as
     potential stand-ins for each other.

     For example, automatic conversion between `INTEGER' and `LOGICAL'
     is enabled, for many contexts, via this option.

     *Note Ugly Integer Conversions::, for more information.

`-fonetrip'
     Imperative executable `DO' loops are to be executed at least once
     each time they are reached.

     ANSI FORTRAN 77 and more recent versions of the Fortran standard
     specify that the body of an imperative `DO' loop is not executed
     if the number of iterations calculated from the parameters of the
     loop is less than 1.  (For example, `DO 10 I = 1, 0'.)  Such a
     loop is called a "zero-trip loop".

     Prior to ANSI FORTRAN 77, many compilers implemented `DO' loops
     such that the body of a loop would be executed at least once, even
     if the iteration count was zero.  Fortran code written assuming
     this behavior is said to require "one-trip loops".  For example,
     some code written to the FORTRAN 66 standard expects this behavior
     from its `DO' loops, although that standard did not specify this
     behavior.

     The `-fonetrip' option specifies that the source file(s) being
     compiled require one-trip loops.

     This option affects only those loops specified by the (imperative)
     `DO' statement and by implied-`DO' lists in I/O statements.  Loops
     specified by implied-`DO' lists in `DATA' and specification
     (non-executable) statements are not affected.

`-ftypeless-boz'
     Specifies that prefix-radix non-decimal constants, such as
     `Z'ABCD'', are typeless instead of `INTEGER(KIND=1)'.

     You can test for yourself whether a particular compiler treats the
     prefix form as `INTEGER(KIND=1)' or typeless by running the
     following program:

          EQUIVALENCE (I, R)
          R = Z'ABCD1234'
          J = Z'ABCD1234'
          IF (J .EQ. I) PRINT *, 'Prefix form is TYPELESS'
          IF (J .NE. I) PRINT *, 'Prefix form is INTEGER'
          END

     Reports indicate that many compilers process this form as
     `INTEGER(KIND=1)', though a few as typeless, and at least one
     based on a command-line option specifying some kind of
     compatibility.

`-fintrin-case-initcap'

`-fintrin-case-upper'

`-fintrin-case-lower'

`-fintrin-case-any'
     Specify expected case for intrinsic names.  `-fintrin-case-lower'
     is the default.

`-fmatch-case-initcap'

`-fmatch-case-upper'

`-fmatch-case-lower'

`-fmatch-case-any'
     Specify expected case for keywords.  `-fmatch-case-lower' is the
     default.

`-fsource-case-upper'

`-fsource-case-lower'

`-fsource-case-preserve'
     Specify whether source text other than character and Hollerith
     constants is to be translated to uppercase, to lowercase, or
     preserved as is.  `-fsource-case-lower' is the default.

`-fsymbol-case-initcap'

`-fsymbol-case-upper'

`-fsymbol-case-lower'

`-fsymbol-case-any'
     Specify valid cases for user-defined symbol names.
     `-fsymbol-case-any' is the default.

`-fcase-strict-upper'
     Same as `-fintrin-case-upper -fmatch-case-upper
     -fsource-case-preserve -fsymbol-case-upper'.  (Requires all
     pertinent source to be in uppercase.)

`-fcase-strict-lower'
     Same as `-fintrin-case-lower -fmatch-case-lower
     -fsource-case-preserve -fsymbol-case-lower'.  (Requires all
     pertinent source to be in lowercase.)

`-fcase-initcap'
     Same as `-fintrin-case-initcap -fmatch-case-initcap
     -fsource-case-preserve -fsymbol-case-initcap'.  (Requires all
     pertinent source to be in initial capitals, as in `Print
     *,SqRt(Value)'.)

`-fcase-upper'
     Same as `-fintrin-case-any -fmatch-case-any -fsource-case-upper
     -fsymbol-case-any'.  (Maps all pertinent source to uppercase.)

`-fcase-lower'
     Same as `-fintrin-case-any -fmatch-case-any -fsource-case-lower
     -fsymbol-case-any'.  (Maps all pertinent source to lowercase.)

`-fcase-preserve'
     Same as `-fintrin-case-any -fmatch-case-any -fsource-case-preserve
     -fsymbol-case-any'.  (Preserves all case in user-defined symbols,
     while allowing any-case matching of intrinsics and keywords.  For
     example, `call Foo(i,I)' would pass two *different* variables
     named `i' and `I' to a procedure named `Foo'.)

`-fbadu77-intrinsics-delete'

`-fbadu77-intrinsics-hide'

`-fbadu77-intrinsics-disable'

`-fbadu77-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of UNIX intrinsics having inappropriate forms.
     `-fbadu77-intrinsics-enable' is the default.  *Note Intrinsic
     Groups::.

`-ff2c-intrinsics-delete'

`-ff2c-intrinsics-hide'

`-ff2c-intrinsics-disable'

`-ff2c-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of f2c-specific intrinsics.
     `-ff2c-intrinsics-enable' is the default.  *Note Intrinsic
     Groups::.

`-ff90-intrinsics-delete'

`-ff90-intrinsics-hide'

`-ff90-intrinsics-disable'

`-ff90-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of F90-specific intrinsics.
     `-ff90-intrinsics-enable' is the default.  *Note Intrinsic
     Groups::.

`-fgnu-intrinsics-delete'

`-fgnu-intrinsics-hide'

`-fgnu-intrinsics-disable'

`-fgnu-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of Digital's COMPLEX-related intrinsics.
     `-fgnu-intrinsics-enable' is the default.  *Note Intrinsic
     Groups::.

`-fmil-intrinsics-delete'

`-fmil-intrinsics-hide'

`-fmil-intrinsics-disable'

`-fmil-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of MIL-STD-1753-specific intrinsics.
     `-fmil-intrinsics-enable' is the default.  *Note Intrinsic
     Groups::.

`-funix-intrinsics-delete'

`-funix-intrinsics-hide'

`-funix-intrinsics-disable'

`-funix-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of UNIX intrinsics.  `-funix-intrinsics-enable' is
     the default.  *Note Intrinsic Groups::.

`-fvxt-intrinsics-delete'

`-fvxt-intrinsics-hide'

`-fvxt-intrinsics-disable'

`-fvxt-intrinsics-enable'
     Specify status of VXT intrinsics.  `-fvxt-intrinsics-enable' is
     the default.  *Note Intrinsic Groups::.

`-ffixed-line-length-N'
     Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form
     lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as
     if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines.

     Popular values for N include 72 (the standard and the default), 80
     (card image), and 132 (corresponds to "extended-source" options in
     some popular compilers).  N may be `none', meaning that the entire
     line is meaningful and that continued character constants never
     have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out the line.
     `-ffixed-line-length-0' means the same thing as
     `-ffixed-line-length-none'.

     *Note Source Form::, for more information.


File: g77.info,  Node: Warning Options,  Next: Debugging Options,  Prev: Fortran Dialect Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
=======================================

   Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are
not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there might
have been an error.

   You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W',
for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations.
Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form
beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'.
This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the
default.

   These options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by
GNU Fortran:

`-fsyntax-only'
     Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond
     that.

`-pedantic'
     Issue warnings for uses of extensions to ANSI FORTRAN 77.
     `-pedantic' also applies to C-language constructs where they occur
     in GNU Fortran source files, such as use of `\e' in a character
     constant within a directive like `#include'.

     Valid ANSI FORTRAN 77 programs should compile properly with or
     without this option.  However, without this option, certain GNU
     extensions and traditional Fortran features are supported as well.
     With this option, many of them are rejected.

     Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for strict ANSI
     conformance.  They soon find that it does not do quite what they
     want--it finds some non-ANSI practices, but not all.  However,
     improvements to `g77' in this area are welcome.

`-pedantic-errors'
     Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than
     warnings.

`-fpedantic'
     Like `-pedantic', but applies only to Fortran constructs.

`-w'
     Inhibit all warning messages.

`-Wno-globals'
     Inhibit warnings about use of a name as both a global name (a
     subroutine, function, or block data program unit, or a common
     block) and implicitly as the name of an intrinsic in a source file.

     Also inhibit warnings about inconsistent invocations and/or
     definitions of global procedures (function and subroutines).  Such
     inconsistencies include different numbers of arguments and
     different types of arguments.

`-Wimplicit'
     Warn whenever a variable, array, or function is implicitly
     declared.  Has an effect similar to using the `IMPLICIT NONE'
     statement in every program unit.  (Some Fortran compilers provide
     this feature by an option named `-u' or `/WARNINGS=DECLARATIONS'.)

`-Wunused'
     Warn whenever a variable is unused aside from its declaration.

`-Wuninitialized'
     Warn whenever an automatic variable is used without first being
     initialized.

     These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation,
     because they require data-flow information that is computed only
     when optimizing.  If you don't specify `-O', you simply won't get
     these warnings.

     These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for
     register allocation.  Therefore, they do not occur for a variable
     whose address is taken, or whose size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8
     bytes.  Also, they do not occur for arrays, even when they are in
     registers.

     Note that there might be no warning about a variable that is used
     only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such
     computations may be deleted by data-flow analysis before the
     warnings are printed.

     These warnings are made optional because GNU Fortran is not smart
     enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct
     despite appearing to have an error.  Here is one example of how
     this can happen:

          SUBROUTINE DISPAT(J)
          IF (J.EQ.1) I=1
          IF (J.EQ.2) I=4
          IF (J.EQ.3) I=5
          CALL FOO(I)
          END

     If the value of `J' is always 1, 2 or 3, then `I' is always
     initialized, but GNU Fortran doesn't know this.  Here is another
     common case:

          SUBROUTINE MAYBE(FLAG)
          LOGICAL FLAG
          IF (FLAG) VALUE = 9.4
          ...
          IF (FLAG) PRINT *, VALUE
          END

     This has no bug because `VALUE' is used only if it is set.

`-Wall'
     The `-Wunused' and `-Wuninitialized' options combined.  These are
     all the options which pertain to usage that we recommend avoiding
     and that we believe is easy to avoid.  (As more warnings are added
     to `g77', some might be added to the list enabled by `-Wall'.)

   The remaining `-W...' options are not implied by `-Wall' because
they warn about constructions that we consider reasonable to use, on
occasion, in clean programs.

`-Wsurprising'
     Warn about "suspicious" constructs that are interpreted by the
     compiler in a way that might well be surprising to someone reading
     the code.  These differences can result in subtle,
     compiler-dependent (even machine-dependent) behavioral differences.
     The constructs warned about include:

        * Expressions having two arithmetic operators in a row, such as
          `X*-Y'.  Such a construct is nonstandard, and can produce
          unexpected results in more complicated situations such as
          `X**-Y*Z'.  `g77', along with many other compilers, interprets
          this example differently than many programmers, and a few
          other compilers.  Specifically, `g77' interprets `X**-Y*Z' as
          `(X**(-Y))*Z', while others might think it should be
          interpreted as `X**(-(Y*Z))'.

          A revealing example is the constant expression `2**-2*1.',
          which `g77' evaluates to .25, while others might evaluate it
          to 0., the difference resulting from the way precedence
          affects type promotion.

          (The `-fpedantic' option also warns about expressions having
          two arithmetic operators in a row.)

        * Expressions with a unary minus followed by an operand and then
          a binary operator other than plus or minus.  For example,
          `-2**2' produces a warning, because the precedence is
          `-(2**2)', yielding -4, not `(-2)**2', which yields 4, and
          which might represent what a programmer expects.

          An example of an expression producing different results in a
          surprising way is `-I*S', where I holds the value
          `-2147483648' and S holds `0.5'.  On many systems, negating I
          results in the same value, not a positive number, because it
          is already the lower bound of what an `INTEGER(KIND=1)'
          variable can hold.  So, the expression evaluates to a
          positive number, while the "expected" interpretation,
          `(-I)*S', would evaluate to a negative number.

          Even cases such as `-I*J' produce warnings, even though, in
          most configurations and situations, there is no computational
          difference between the results of the two
          interpretations--the purpose of this warning is to warn about
          differing interpretations and encourage a better style of
          coding, not to identify only those places where bugs might
          exist in the user's code.

        * `DO' loops with `DO' variables that are not of integral
          type--that is, using `REAL' variables as loop control
          variables.  Although such loops can be written to work in the
          "obvious" way, the way `g77' is required by the Fortran
          standard to interpret such code is likely to be quite
          different from the way many programmers expect.  (This is
          true of all `DO' loops, but the differences are pronounced
          for non-integral loop control variables.)

          *Note Loops::, for more information.

`-Werror'
     Make all warnings into errors.

`-W'
     Turns on "extra warnings" and, if optimization is specified via
     `-O', the `-Wuninitialized' option.  (This might change in future
     versions of `g77'.)

     "Extra warnings" are issued for:

        * Unused parameters to a procedure (when `-Wunused' also is
          specified).

        * Overflows involving floating-point constants (not available
          for certain configurations).

   *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: (gcc)Warning Options,
for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by `g77',
`gcc', and other GNU compilers.

   Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in
Fortran:

`-Wcomment'

`-Wformat'

`-Wparentheses'

`-Wswitch'

`-Wtraditional'

`-Wshadow'

`-Wid-clash-LEN'

`-Wlarger-than-LEN'

`-Wconversion'

`-Waggregate-return'

`-Wredundant-decls'
     These options all could have some relevant meaning for GNU Fortran
     programs, but are not yet supported.


File: g77.info,  Node: Debugging Options,  Next: Optimize Options,  Prev: Warning Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU Fortran
=================================================

   GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging
either your program or `g77'.

`-g'
     Produce debugging information in the operating system's native
     format (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF).  GDB can work with this
     debugging information.

     Support for this option in Fortran programs is incomplete.  In
     particular, names of variables and arrays in common blocks or that
     are storage-associated via `EQUIVALENCE' are unavailable to the
     debugger.

     However, version 0.5.19 of `g77' does provide this information in
     a rudimentary way, as controlled by the `-fdebug-kludge' option.

     *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: Code Gen Options,
     for more information.

   *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU CC: (gcc)Debugging
Options, for more information on debugging options.


File: g77.info,  Node: Optimize Options,  Next: Preprocessor Options,  Prev: Debugging Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options That Control Optimization
=================================

   Most Fortran users will want to use no optimization when developing
and testing programs, and use `-O' or `-O2' when compiling programs for
late-cycle testing and for production use.  However, note that certain
diagnostics--such as for uninitialized variables--depend on the flow
analysis done by `-O', i.e. you must use `-O' or `-O2' to get such
diagnostics.

   The following flags have particular applicability when compiling
Fortran programs:

`-malign-double'
     (Intel x86 architecture only.)

     Noticeably improves performance of `g77' programs making heavy use
     of `REAL(KIND=2)' (`DOUBLE PRECISION') data on some systems.  In
     particular, systems using Pentium, Pentium Pro, 586, and 686
     implementations of the i386 architecture execute programs faster
     when `REAL(KIND=2)' (`DOUBLE PRECISION') data are aligned on
     64-bit boundaries in memory.

     This option can, at least, make benchmark results more consistent
     across various system configurations, versions of the program, and
     data sets.

     *Note:* The warning in the `gcc' documentation about this option
     does not apply, generally speaking, to Fortran code compiled by
     `g77'.

     *Also note:* `-malign-double' applies only to statically-allocated
     data.  Double-precision data on the stack can still cause problems
     due to misalignment.  *Note Aligned Data::.

     *Also also note:* The negative form of `-malign-double' is
     `-mno-align-double', not `-benign-double'.

`-ffloat-store'
     Might help a Fortran program that depends on exact IEEE conformance
     on some machines, but might slow down a program that doesn't.

`-fforce-mem'

`-fforce-addr'
     Might improve optimization of loops.

`-fno-inline'
     Don't compile statement functions inline.  Might reduce the size
     of a program unit--which might be at expense of some speed (though
     it should compile faster).  Note that if you are not optimizing,
     no functions can be expanded inline.

`-ffast-math'
     Might allow some programs designed to not be too dependent on IEEE
     behavior for floating-point to run faster, or die trying.

`-fstrength-reduce'
     Might make some loops run faster.

`-frerun-cse-after-loop'

`-fexpensive-optimizations'

`-fdelayed-branch'

`-fschedule-insns'

`-fschedule-insns2'

`-fcaller-saves'
     Might improve performance on some code.

`-funroll-loops'
     Definitely improves performance on some code.

`-funroll-all-loops'
     Improves performance on some code.

   *Note Options That Control Optimization: (gcc)Optimize Options, for
more information on options to optimize the generated machine code.


File: g77.info,  Node: Preprocessor Options,  Next: Directory Options,  Prev: Optimize Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options Controlling the Preprocessor
====================================

   These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C
source file before actual compilation.

   *Note Options Controlling the Preprocessor: (gcc)Preprocessor
Options, for information on C preprocessor options.

   Some of these options also affect how `g77' processes the `INCLUDE'
directive.  Since this directive is processed even when preprocessing
is not requested, it is not described in this section.  *Note Options
for Directory Search: Directory Options, for information on how `g77'
processes the `INCLUDE' directive.

   However, the `INCLUDE' directive does not apply preprocessing to the
contents of the included file itself.

   Therefore, any file that contains preprocessor directives (such as
`#include', `#define', and `#if') must be included via the `#include'
directive, not via the `INCLUDE' directive.  Therefore, any file
containing preprocessor directives, if included, is necessarily
included by a file that itself contains preprocessor directives.


File: g77.info,  Node: Directory Options,  Next: Code Gen Options,  Prev: Preprocessor Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options for Directory Search
============================

   These options affect how the `cpp' preprocessor searches for files
specified via the `#include' directive.  Therefore, when compiling
Fortran programs, they are meaningful when the preproecssor is used.

   Some of these options also affect how `g77' searches for files
specified via the `INCLUDE' directive, although files included by that
directive are not, themselves, preprocessed.  These options are:

`-I-'

`-IDIR'
     These affect interpretation of the `INCLUDE' directive (as well as
     of the `#include' directive of the `cpp' preprocessor).

     Note that `-IDIR' must be specified *without* any spaces between
     `-I' and the directory name--that is, `-Ifoo/bar' is valid, but
     `-I foo/bar' is rejected by the `g77' compiler (though the
     preprocessor supports the latter form).  Also note that the
     general behavior of `-I' and `INCLUDE' is pretty much the same as
     of `-I' with `#include' in the `cpp' preprocessor, with regard to
     looking for `header.gcc' files and other such things.

     *Note Options for Directory Search: (gcc)Directory Options, for
     information on the `-I' option.


File: g77.info,  Node: Code Gen Options,  Next: Environment Variables,  Prev: Directory Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Options for Code Generation Conventions
=======================================

   These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
used in code generation.

   Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'.  In the table below, only one of the
forms is listed--the one which is not the default.  You can figure out
the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it.

`-fno-automatic'
     Treat each program unit as if the `SAVE' statement was specified
     for every local variable and array referenced in it.  Does not
     affect common blocks.  (Some Fortran compilers provide this option
     under the name `-static'.)

`-finit-local-zero'
     Specify that variables and arrays that are local to a program unit
     (not in a common block and not passed as an argument) are to be
     initialized to binary zeros.

     Since there is a run-time penalty for initialization of variables
     that are not given the `SAVE' attribute, it might be a good idea
     to also use `-fno-automatic' with `-finit-local-zero'.

`-fno-f2c'
     Do not generate code designed to be compatible with code generated
     by `f2c'; use the GNU calling conventions instead.

     The `f2c' calling conventions require functions that return type
     `REAL(KIND=1)' to actually return the C type `double', and
     functions that return type `COMPLEX' to return the values via an
     extra argument in the calling sequence that points to where to
     store the return value.  Under the GNU calling conventions, such
     functions simply return their results as they would in GNU
     C--`REAL(KIND=1)' functions return the C type `float', and
     `COMPLEX' functions return the GNU C type `complex' (or its
     `struct' equivalent).

     This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with
     the `libg2c' library.

     However, because the `libg2c' library uses `f2c' calling
     conventions, `g77' rejects attempts to pass intrinsics implemented
     by routines in this library as actual arguments when `-fno-f2c' is
     used, to avoid bugs when they are actually called by code
     expecting the GNU calling conventions to work.

     For example, `INTRINSIC ABS;CALL FOO(ABS)' is rejected when
     `-fno-f2c' is in force.  (Future versions of the `g77' run-time
     library might offer routines that provide GNU-callable versions of
     the routines that implement the `f2c'-callable intrinsics that may
     be passed as actual arguments, so that valid programs need not be
     rejected when `-fno-f2c' is used.)

     *Caution:* If `-fno-f2c' is used when compiling any source file
     used in a program, it must be used when compiling *all* Fortran
     source files used in that program.

`-ff2c-library'
     Specify that use of `libg2c' (or the original `libf2c') is
     required.  This is the default for the current version of `g77'.

     Currently it is not valid to specify `-fno-f2c-library'.  This
     option is provided so users can specify it in shell scripts that
     build programs and libraries that require the `libf2c' library,
     even when being compiled by future versions of `g77' that might
     otherwise default to generating code for an incompatible library.

`-fno-underscoring'
     Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source
     file by appending underscores to them.

     With `-funderscoring' in effect, `g77' appends two underscores to
     names with underscores and one underscore to external names with
     no underscores.  (`g77' also appends two underscores to internal
     names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external
     names.  The `-fno-second-underscore' option disables appending of
     the second underscore in all cases.)

     This is done to ensure compatibility with code produced by many
     UNIX Fortran compilers, including `f2c', which perform the same
     transformations.

     Use of `-fno-underscoring' is not recommended unless you are
     experimenting with issues such as integration of (GNU) Fortran into
     existing system environments (vis-a-vis existing libraries, tools,
     and so on).

     For example, with `-funderscoring', and assuming other defaults
     like `-fcase-lower' and that `j()' and `max_count()' are external
     functions while `my_var' and `lvar' are local variables, a
     statement like

          I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)

     is implemented as something akin to:

          i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar);

     With `-fno-underscoring', the same statement is implemented as:

          i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);

     Use of `-fno-underscoring' allows direct specification of
     user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing
     `g77'-compiled code with other languages.

     Note that just because the names match does *not* mean that the
     interface implemented by `g77' for an external name matches the
     interface implemented by some other language for that same name.
     That is, getting code produced by `g77' to link to code produced
     by some other compiler using this or any other method can be only a
     small part of the overall solution--getting the code generated by
     both compilers to agree on issues other than naming can require
     significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements, linkers
     normally cannot detect disagreements in these other areas.

     Also, note that with `-fno-underscoring', the lack of appended
     underscores introduces the very real possibility that a
     user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system
     library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite
     difficult in some cases--they might occur at program run time, and
     show up only as buggy behavior at run time.

     In future versions of `g77', we hope to improve naming and linking
     issues so that debugging always involves using the names as they
     appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker are
     mangled to prevent accidental linking between procedures with
     incompatible interfaces.

`-fno-second-underscore'
     Do not append a second underscore to names of entities specified
     in the Fortran source file.

     This option has no effect if `-fno-underscoring' is in effect.

     Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as `MAX_COUNT'
     is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol
     `max_count_', instead of `max_count__'.

`-fno-ident'
     Ignore the `#ident' directive.

`-fzeros'
     Treat initial values of zero as if they were any other value.

     As of version 0.5.18, `g77' normally treats `DATA' and other
     statements that are used to specify initial values of zero for
     variables and arrays as if no values were actually specified, in
     the sense that no diagnostics regarding multiple initializations
     are produced.

     This is done to speed up compiling of programs that initialize
     large arrays to zeros.

     Use `-fzeros' to revert to the simpler, slower behavior that can
     catch multiple initializations by keeping track of all
     initializations, zero or otherwise.

     *Caution:* Future versions of `g77' might disregard this option
     (and its negative form, the default) or interpret it somewhat
     differently.  The interpretation changes will affect only
     non-standard programs; standard-conforming programs should not be
     affected.

`-fdebug-kludge'
     Emit information on `COMMON' and `EQUIVALENCE' members that might
     help users of debuggers work around lack of proper debugging
     information on such members.

     As of version 0.5.19, `g77' offers this option to emit information
     on members of aggregate areas to help users while debugging.  This
     information consists of establishing the type and contents of each
     such member so that, when a debugger is asked to print the
     contents, the printed information provides rudimentary debugging
     information.  This information identifies the name of the
     aggregate area (either the `COMMON' block name, or the
     `g77'-assigned name for the `EQUIVALENCE' name) and the offset, in
     bytes, of the member from the beginning of the area.

     Using `gdb', this information is not coherently displayed in the
     Fortran language mode, so temporarily switching to the C language
     mode to display the information is suggested.  Use `set language
     c' and `set language fortran' to accomplish this.

     For example:

                COMMON /X/A,B
                EQUIVALENCE (C,D)
                CHARACTER XX*50
                EQUIVALENCE (I,XX(20:20))
                END
          
          GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
           under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
          There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
          GDB 4.16 (lm-gnits-dwim), Copyright 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc...
          (gdb) b MAIN__
          Breakpoint 1 at 0t1200000201120112: file cd.f, line 5.
          (gdb) r
          Starting program: /home/user/a.out
          
          Breakpoint 1, MAIN__ () at cd.f:5
          Current language:  auto; currently fortran
          (gdb) set language c
          Warning: the current language does not match this frame.
          (gdb) p a
          $2 = "At (COMMON) `x_' plus 0 bytes"
          (gdb) p b
          $3 = "At (COMMON) `x_' plus 4 bytes"
          (gdb) p c
          $4 = "At (EQUIVALENCE) `__g77_equiv_c' plus 0 bytes"
          (gdb) p d
          $5 = "At (EQUIVALENCE) `__g77_equiv_c' plus 0 bytes"
          (gdb) p i
          $6 = "At (EQUIVALENCE) `__g77_equiv_xx' plus 20 bytes"
          (gdb) p xx
          $7 = "At (EQUIVALENCE) `__g77_equiv_xx' plus 1 bytes"
          (gdb) set language fortran
          (gdb)

     Use `-fdebug-kludge' to generate this information, which might
     make some programs noticeably larger.

     *Caution:* Future versions of `g77' might disregard this option
     (and its negative form).  Current plans call for this to happen
     when published versions of `g77' and `gdb' exist that provide
     proper access to debugging information on `COMMON' and
     `EQUIVALENCE' members.

`-fno-emulate-complex'
     Implement `COMPLEX' arithmetic using the facilities in the `gcc'
     back end that provide direct support of `complex' arithmetic,
     instead of emulating the arithmetic.

     `gcc' has some known problems in its back-end support for
     `complex' arithmetic, due primarily to the support not being
     completed as of version 2.7.2.2.  Other front ends for the `gcc'
     back end avoid this problem by emulating `complex' arithmetic at a
     higher level, so the back end sees arithmetic on the real and
     imaginary components.  To make `g77' more portable to systems
     where `complex' support in the `gcc' back end is particularly
     troublesome, `g77' now defaults to performing the same kinds of
     emulations done by these other front ends.

     Use `-fno-emulate-complex' to try the `complex' support in the
     `gcc' back end, in case it works and produces faster programs.  So
     far, all the known bugs seem to involve compile-time crashes,
     rather than the generation of incorrect code.

     Use of this option should not affect how Fortran code compiled by
     `g77' works in terms of its interfaces to other code, e.g. that
     compiled by `f2c'.

     *Caution:* Future versions of `g77' are likely to change the
     default for this option to `-fno-emulate-complex', and perhaps
     someday ignore both forms of this option.

     Also, it is possible that use of the `-fno-emulate-complex' option
     could result in incorrect code being silently produced by `g77'.
     But, this is generally true of compilers anyway, so, as usual, test
     the programs you compile before assuming they are working.

`-fno-globals'
     Disable diagnostics about inter-procedural analysis problems, such
     as disagreements about the type of a function or a procedure's
     argument, that might cause a compiler crash when attempting to
     inline a reference to a procedure within a program unit.  (The
     diagnostics themselves are still produced, but as warnings, unless
     `-Wno-globals' is specified, in which case no relevant diagnostics
     are produced.)

     Further, this option disables such inlining, to avoid compiler
     crashes resulting from incorrect code that would otherwise be
     diagnosed.

     As such, this option might be quite useful when compiling
     existing, "working" code that happens to have a few bugs that do
     not generally show themselves, but `g77' exposes via a diagnostic.

     Use of this option therefore has the effect of instructing `g77'
     to behave more like it did up through version 0.5.19.1, when it
     paid little or no attention to disagreements between program units
     about a procedure's type and argument information, and when it
     performed no inlining of procedures (except statement functions).

     Without this option, `g77' defaults to performing the potentially
     inlining procedures as it started doing in version 0.5.20, but as
     of version 0.5.21, it also diagnoses disagreements that might
     cause such inlining to crash the compiler.

   *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: (gcc)Code Gen
Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by
`g77', `gcc', and other GNU compilers.

   Some of these do *not* work when compiling programs written in
Fortran:

`-fpcc-struct-return'

`-freg-struct-return'
     You should not use these except strictly the same way as you used
     them to build the version of `libg2c' with which you will be
     linking all code compiled by `g77' with the same option.

`-fshort-double'
     This probably either has no effect on Fortran programs, or makes
     them act loopy.

`-fno-common'
     Do not use this when compiling Fortran programs, or there will be
     Trouble.

`-fpack-struct'
     This probably will break any calls to the `libg2c' library, at the
     very least, even if it is built with the same option.


File: g77.info,  Node: Environment Variables,  Prev: Code Gen Options,  Up: Invoking G77

Environment Variables Affecting GNU Fortran
===========================================

   GNU Fortran currently does not make use of any environment variables
to control its operation above and beyond those that affect the
operation of `gcc'.

   *Note Environment Variables Affecting GNU CC: (gcc)Environment
Variables, for information on environment variables.

