
 
 
Archive-name: japan/american-misconceptions
 
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new in this version:
 comments on Japanese prices by Wen-Kai Tang
 LA Times on crucified Santa Claus
 PBS TV show "The Japanese Version"
 "Tommy, your so-called FAQ is full of racist poppycock."
 
version 1 posted on 1995 1/21
 
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(contents of this file)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 (A) information about this FAQ file
 
 (B) some FAQs about Japan:
 (FAQ-1) crowded, expensive
 (FAQ-2) slant-eye Micky Mouse
 (FAQ-3) crucified Santa Claus
 (FAQ-4) suicide very common
 (FAQ-5) country and western Japanese
 
 (C) answers to the FAQs, some misconceptions about Japan
 (MISCONCEPTION 1) Japan is tiny.
 (MISCONCEPTION 2) Japanese cities are the most crowded in the 
world.
 (MISCONCEPTION 3) cost of living in Japanese cities is the highest
 in the world.
 (MISCONCEPTION 4) Japanese have first names followed by last names
 just like Americans do.
 
 (reason 1) because these misconceptions have tremendous influence
 on how non-Japanese people view Japan and the 
Japanese.
 (reason 2) because the other FAQ files don't cover these issues.
 
 (E) American myths and propaganda about Japan
 
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(A) information about this FAQ file
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redistribution:
 as expected of all Usenet articles, copies or excerpts may be
 distributed freely electronically, provided that proper credit
 is given. please let me (Tanaka) know if you wish to use
 significant part of this FAQ file in traditional paper media or
 for commercial purpose.
 
citation:
 as expected of all published articles, short quotes and
 references can be made provided that proper credit is given.
 please include the following three items.
 1. author/editor: as "Tanaka Tomoyuki" or "TANAKA Tomoyuki"
 2. title: "American misconceptions about Japan FAQ"
 (you can omit "FAQ" if you find it cryptic.)
 
posting frequency:
 I'll post new versions at most once every two or three months.
 
access (FTP and WWW) locations:
 1. anonymous FTP sites for Usenet FAQs (rtfm.mit.edu and mirror
 sites). anonymous FTP is much easier with Lynx. enter the
 following line:
 
 2. in my archive (WWW) site.
 Use Lynx (as "lynx http://bronze.ucs.indiana.edu/~tanaka"),
 Mosaic, etc.
 
submissions:
 I accept submissions to this FAQ file by e-mail.
 please indicate clearly that you wish to have your contribution
 included in this FAQ file.
 
 the opinions expressed in this article represent only those of
 the individual contributors. a small but vocal minority object
 to these views, and they often post rude comments about me
 (Tanaka) and this article.
 
 a common objection is (not exact quote)
 "Tommy, your so-called FAQ is full of racist poppycock.
 Your data and sources are old and worthless."
 my response to such an objection would be,
 "instead of complaining in vague terms, could you raise
 specific points, or help me find more reliable data?"
 
 sometimes I see an objection that has some content other than
 just name-calling. every time this has happened, I have asked
 permission to include the objection in this article.
 
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(B) some FAQs about Japan
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 here are some FAQs (frequently asked questions) I have come
 across about Japan, on and off the net.
 (many other FAQs are answered in the other FAQ files.
 see Section (D).)
 
(FAQ-1) crowded, expensive
 "Japan is crowded and expensive to live in, right?"
 
(FAQ-2) slant-eye Micky Mouse
 "you know how Japanese have slanted eyes? well, I just heard
 that even Micky Mouse in Tokyo Disneyland has slanted eyes."
 
(FAQ-3) crucified Santa Claus
 "I heard a funny story: in a Japanese department store they
 installed a crucified Santa Claus for Christmas sale
 advertisement."
 
(FAQ-4) suicide very common
 "suicide is very common in Japan, and it's because Japanese
 people have completely different attitude toward suicide.
 that is, the idea is much more acceptable in Japan, right?"
 
(FAQ-5) country and western Japanese
 "I just heard on TV that country/western music and fashion is
 the latest fad in Japan, that EVERYONE's into it. is that 
true?"
 
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(C) answers to the FAQs, some misconceptions about Japan
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(FAQ-1) crowded, expensive
 
ANSWER: not nearly as advertised in the USA.
 this is related to the following misconceptions.
 
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(MISCONCEPTION 1) Japan is tiny.
 
THE TRUTH: Japan is slightly smaller than California, the third largest
 state in the USA. Japan is bigger than (unified) Germany, and
 the U.K. it is 10 times the size of Taiwan and 350 times the
 size of Hong Kong. (source: "1994 Britannica Book of the 
Year".)
 
 other Asian countries view Japan as a large, powerful country,
 because of its economic might and its past military invasions in
 Asia (WW2, etc).
 
 Japan is not one big city-state. it has deserted coasts, open
 fields, and deep forests.
 
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(MISCONCEPTION 2) Japanese cities are the most crowded in the world.
 
THE TRUTH: in the book
 John Tepper Marlin, Immanuel Ness, Stephen T. Collins.
 "Book of World City Rankings".
 The Free Press, 1986.
 
 Table 9 Population Density compares 105 major cities in the
 world.
 1. Manila 6. Buenos Aires 11. Jakarta
 2. Shanghai 7. Tokyo 12. Lisbon
 3. Cairo 8. Seoul 13. Moscow
 4. Paris 9. Osaka 14. New York
 5. Bombay 10. Naples 15. Milan
 
 other Japanese cities in the table:
 23. Yokohama 67. Kobe 83. Sapporo
 25. Nagoya 79. Kyoto
 
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(MISCONCEPTION 3) cost of living in Japanese cities is the highest
 in the world.
 
THE TRUTH: in the same book "Book of World City Rankings",
 Table 74 Average Monthly Rental Cost (Page 592) compares
 "average gross monthly rent (US$)" for 67 major cities in the
 world for 1981-83.
 1. Jidda (800) 6. Los Angeles (450)
 2. Hong Kong (750) 6. San Diego (450)
 3. New York (617) 6. Sydney (450)
 4. Tokyo (552) 9. Houston (449)
 5. San Francisco (480) 10. London (430)
 (Jidda is in Saudi Arabia.)
 
 other Japanese cities in the table:
 11. Yokohama (429) 40. Osaka (268)
 20. Kobe (339) 50. Nagoya (236)
 30. Sapporo (308) 55. Kyoto (193)
 
 Tables 44-51, 55, 56 compare prices of eggs, milk, bread, meat,
 household appliances, men's clothing, women's clothing,
 automobiles, public transportation in the 50 or so cities.
 Japanese cities dominate the top ranks only in the prices for
 milk and meat.
 
 some people told me that prices cited above are too old (1981-83).
 I agree, but I haven't been able to find reliable data that's
 more up-to-date.
 
 from: Wen-Kai Tang <wt16@cornell.edu>
 |
 | I will have to disagree with you on the point of prices in
 | Tokyo vs. other cities. I've been to Tokyo for about 2 weeks,
 | and I must say that EVERYTHING costs much more then in the US.
 | Of course, the cause of this is the strong Yen. While the
 | exchange rate is about 100 yen to 1 dollar, most economists
 | agree that in purchasing power terms, it should be about
 | 160-180 to 1. In the 50s and 60s, when the exchange rate was
 | 360:1, the dollar was overvalued and to most US residents,
 | Japanese prices must have seemed very low. So this whole issue
 | is really a function of overvaluing or undervaluing of a
 | currency and should not really reflect poorly or favorably on a
 | country. Americans should be reminded that despite the high
 | Tokyo prices, most Tokyo residents MAKE a lot too, in fact more
 | then Americans do in dollar terms. The result is that in
 | purchasing power, the average material standard of living is
 | about 85% of the US. Many Americans often just look at just
 | the high prices or the high wages (in $ terms) of Japan without
 | taking the other into account and yield many false conclusions
 | about the standard of living in Japan. I think you should
 | emphasize that point instead of just tackling the myth of
 | Japanese high prices. I agree that the people in the US
 | exaggerate the high prices in Tokyo. Having been in Europe for
 | the last 4 weeks, I admit that European prices, especially
 | Paris, are almost as high as in Japan. Of course, most
 | European currencies are overvalued against the dollar as well.
 | I think the rule is that prices in the US are among the lowest
 | in the advanced world and everywhere else must look very
 | expensive for a US resident, Japan included.
 
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(FAQ-2) slant-eye Micky Mouse
 
ANSWER: probably false. (reliable information is sought.)
 
 I've been to the Disneyland in Japan a few times and the
 Disneyland in California many times. I'm sure that there is no
 difference in how Micky Mouse is drawn in the two countries.
 
 therefore, I strongly suspect the "slant-eye Micky Mouse" story
 started as follows: those Americans with particularly strong
 belief that "Asians have slated eyes" perceived Micky Mouse in
 Japan with narrower, slanted eyes (see Section (2.1)). such
 Americans reported their wonderful findings to their friends,
 and thus the story spread as an urban folklore.
 
 this is such a catchy story, with many elements typical of
 American media coverage of Japan.
 --- Japanese copying American culture (Tokyo Disneyland is a
 favorite example. see Section (2.6)).
 --- the Japanese version is in some way different: exotic,
 strange, ridiculous, confused, etc.
 
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(FAQ-3) crucified Santa Claus
 
ANSWER: it happened once about 50 years ago.
 
 since all the Usenet reports were hearsay, I thought that this
 was another American urban folklore.
 
 then I found this newspaper article.
 Los Angeles Times (March 16, 1993)
 heading: "Japanese Parade for St. Patrick, Whoever He Was"
 subheading: "Western holidays are all the rage. But a poor
 understanding of their meanings leads to faux pas, such
 as Santa on a crucifix."
 there is one paragraph on crucified Santa Claus:
 "The granddaddy of cultural faux pas here occurred just
 after World War II, when a Ginza department store
 rolled out its elaborate Christmas promotion: a smiling
 Santa nailed to a crucifix."
 
 I admit that the image of a crucified Santa Claus is a striking
 one. but the oxymoronic juxtaposition is not totally unique
 (for example, the 1993 music video of a Nirvana song
 "Heart-Shaped Box"(?) with an old man crucified with a cap like
 Santa Claus's). is it so interesting that it should be
 mentioned in a heading of a major newspaper 50 years later?
 or are American journalists suffering from some kind of
 compulsive disorder?
 
(FAQ-4) suicide very common. ANSWER: see Section (2.2).
 
(FAQ-5) country and western Japanese. ANSWER: see Section (2.6).
 
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(MISCONCEPTION 4) Japanese have first names followed by last names
 just like Americans do.
 
THE TRUTH: a Japanese name usually consists of a family name followed by
 a given name.
 
 most academic and serious treatment of Japanese culture in
 English text (such as scholarly papers and serious books)
 observe this original order, while popular and cursory ones
 (such as newspaper and magazine articles) reverse and
 "Anglicize" the order.
 
 note that preserving the original name order in English text is
 the default for people from mainland China (PRC) (Mao Tse-tung,
 Chou En-lai, Li Peng), Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh, Nguen Van Thieu,
 Pham Van Dong), and North Korea (Kim Il Sung). it is also
 common for people from Taiwan (ROC) (Chiang Kai-shek) and South
 Korea (Rho Tae Woo, Chun Doo Hwan).
 
 on a related note ...
 many Japanese people (myself included) don't find it
 particularly flattering or pleasant when non-Japanese do the
 following "Japanese" things in an attempt to be polite or show
 off their knowledge.
 --- saying, "Ah, so".
 --- bowing to us (instead of shaking hands).
 --- calling us "XXX-san" in English speech or text, such as
 "Good morning, Tanaka-san."
 (when friends do it, it's perfectly fine. use of
 "-san" in Japanese is always fine. I find it
 particularly unpleasant when rude people call me
 "Tanaka-san" in English speech or text.)
 --- using words "Nippon" and "Nipponese" instead of "Japan" and
 "Japanese". (we usually say NIHON anyway.)
 
 I've stored some articles on notation of Japanese names in
 English text in my archive (WWW) site. see Section (A) for
 access information.
 
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(reason 1) because these misconceptions have tremendous influence
 on how non-Japanese people view Japan and the Japanese.
 
 these fundamental conceptions and misconceptions dictate the
 very questions that may or may not be asked about Japan.
 see also Sections (0.2) and (0.3).
 
(reason 2) because the other FAQ files don't cover these issues.
 
 
 1. "Soc.culture.japan references [Monthly Posting]"
 (April 1995 version is 2063 lines)
 
 2. "disparity in Asian/white interracial dating FAQ"
 by Tanaka (v7, 1300 lines)
 
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(E) American myths and propaganda about Japan
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
;;; I will send paper copies of this article to the magazine
;;; publishers, TV stations, etc. mentioned in the article
;;; (TIME, Newsweek, NBC, FOX, ...) contributing to various harmful
;;; propaganda. in some cases I will ask for responses or explanations.
 
(contents)
 (abstract)
 (0) introduction
 (0.1) my (Tanaka's) first day of school in the USA ... Vincent 
Chin
 (0.2) negative images of Japan contribute to negative images of 
all
 Asia, and to anti-Asian violence.
 (0.3) American media coverage of Japan is a major obstacle to
 non-Japanese's understanding of Japan.
 (0.4) why I'm writing this article.
 (0.4.1) reason 1: because the Japanese government isn't doing 
it.
 (0.4.2) reason 2: because I want to make the USA a greater 
country.
 
 (1) disparity: Americans view Japanese much more negatively than
 Japanese view Americans.
 
 (2) American myths and propaganda about Japan
 (2.1) MYTH: Japanese (Asians) have slanted eyes.
 (2.2) MYTH: suicide is unusually common in Japan.
 (2.3) MYTH: Japanese are sneaky and unfair as proved by the
 "sneak attack" on Pearl Harbor, and how they now
 



(Continued from last message)
 "sweep history under the carpet".
 (2.4) MYTH: Japanese are sneaky and unfair as proved by their
 unfair business practices.
 (2.5) MYTH: Japanese are completely different from Americans and
 inscrutable. (Benedict-Reischauer, "Kung Fu",
 proverbs)
 (2.6) MYTH: Japanese are copycats (cheap imitators of the USA).
 TIME's images of country-Western Japanese
 Tezuka's "Jungle King" and Disney's "Lion King"
 (2.7) MYTH: Japan is a sexist country.
 (2.8) MYTH: Japanese men are either asexual or sex-hungry 
monsters.
 (with contribution by John Park)
 (2.9) MYTH: Japanese are rich and hardworking (in a negative 
way)
 TIME article on KAROSHI
 (2.10) American media coverage of Japan,
 Ezra Vogel's [book] "Japan as Number One"
 (2.11) positive images of Japan in the USA
 
 (3) images of the USA in Japan
 (3.1) Japanese media coverage of the USA --- mostly positive
 (3.2) negative images of the USA in Japan
 
 (4) Hiroshi Nakamura: comments on various points
 (5) R. Tang: comments on various points
 (6) Earl Kinmonth: on Benedict and the tradition of Japanese studies
 
 (afterword (response to Mr Kinmonth's comments))
 (bibliography)
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(abstract)
 Americans and Japanese have basically friendly images of each
 other.
 according to a TIME article, 59% of American adults think of
 Japanese as "friendly", and 64% of Japanese adults think of
 Americans as "friendly" (see below for details).
 
 Japan and the USA are important trade partners and political
 allies. we have no need to worry about massive deterioration of
 mutual trust in the near future.
 
 with that said, I have noticed the following things that concern
 me greatly:
 --- disparity: Americans view Japanese much more negatively than
 Japanese view Americans.
 --- American myths and propaganda: the negative American images
 of Japan are largely manufactured by exaggerated and
 inaccurate American media coverages of Japan.
 
 in this article, I'll attempt to do the following:
 --- describe the disparity mentioned above.
 --- expose the nature of the American propaganda.
 --- debunk some of the American myths.
 
 my point is not that these "myths" are completely groundless.
 they are not. all of these have some basis (although tenuous).
 for example, much imitation of American culture does go on in
 Japan, and suicide rate is slightly higher in Japan than in the
 USA. my point is that they are grossly overemphasized in the
 USA to the point it is reasonable to call them "myths".
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(0) introduction
 
(0.1) my (Tanaka's) first day of school in the USA ... Vincent Chin
 
 I will remember that day all my life: the first day of middle
 school in January, 1976. I was 13 years old. having arrived in
 the USA from Japan in the previous December, it was my first day
 of being a student at an American public school in southern
 California.
 
 my impressions were almost all positive: helpful teachers and
 friendly fellow students. it seems that many of the experiences
 I was about to have in the USA were all symbolically represented
 in the events of that day, and that included my first real
 encounter with American racism; during the P.E. (physical
 education) class, I was running with a football in my hand with
 some boys chasing me, and a white boy yelled at me, "Stop, Jap!"
 
 I was not offended at all. I was just puzzled. I had read and
 heard about the word "Jap" in Japan, but my understanding was
 that the word ceased to be used decades ago. like most Japanese
 teenagers, I had no special negative feelings toward the USA (I
 had only positive feelings) and I naively believed that those
 sentiments would be shared by Americans. well, I was wrong.
 
 in the later years I learned of the systematic way the American
 society (parents, teachers, schools, churches, the media)
 reinforces (i) general racial hatred and prejudice and (ii)
 feelings of vengeance and grudge toward Japan regarding WW2.
 
 these societal efforts are ethically wrong, and they annoy me in
 my daily life. I felt that I had to do something when I learned
 the following from the film "Who killed Vincent Chin?".
 --- how Vincent Chin was beaten to death with a baseball bat,
 with these words: "It's because of you (little)
 motherfuckers that we are out of work."
 --- how the killers only got small fines and probation for the
 killing.
 --- how there was no storm of protest about this from the
 general American public.
 --- how Vincent Chin's mother returned to China and left the
 USA, where she believed there was no justice for Asians
 and Asian Americans.
 
 I have stored some articles on the Vincent Chin case in my
 archive (WWW) site. see Section (A) for access information.
 
(0.2) negative images of Japan contribute to negative images of all
 Asia, and to anti-Asian violence.
 
 from [booklet, "Asian Pacific Americans" 1988] (see 
(bibliography))
 |
 | === Anti-Asian violence ===
 | The trade imbalance with Asian Pacific countries and economic
 | hard times in some U.S. cities have reawakened more violent
 | forms of racism against Asian Pacifics, who increasingly 
suffer
 | verbal harassment, vandalism, arson, beatings and killings.
 
(0.3) American media coverage of Japan is a major obstacle to
 non-Japanese's understanding of Japan.
 
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 | To: tanaka@indiana.edu
 |
 | Thank you for your posts about portrayals that seek to
 | "pigeonhole" US and Japanese characteristics of culture.
 |
 | For five years, I lived in northern Japan near the JASDF 
"Misawa
 | kichi" and I realized that what I had been taught about 
Japanese
 | was very wrong. There are many elements of human behavior 
that
 | are the same around the world, for example, the attention 
given
 | to children, or wage labor practices.
 |
 | Nothing was "inscrutable" about the Japanese. Behavior, 
opinions,
 | and feelings might be expressed differently, but it was just 
as
 | easy to gauge these in Japanese people as in US people. [...]
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 (this above and other Usenet materials (those that
 require permission to quote) are quoted by permission.)
 
 C. Douglas Lummis (professor of political philosophy at Tsuda
 College in Tokyo) writes in a book published in 1981.
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 | (C. dagurasu ramisu. "nai-naru gaikoku: KIKU TO KATANA 
saikou".
 | jiji-tuusin-sha. 1981. Pages 43--65.
 | back-translated into English by Tanaka ---
 | I believe the original English manuscript is lost.)
 |
 | From time to time people ask me, "What were your first
 | impressions of Japan?" I remember them very well. In 1960 I
 | came to Japan aboard a personnel carrier ship of the U.S.
 | Marines heading for Okinawa. [...]
 |
 | When I first came to Japan, I was completely ignorant about
 | the country --- at least at the time I thought I was. I had 
not
 | read a single book on Japan, and going to Japan was not by my
 | choice; it was by the orders of the U.S. Government. [...]
 |
 | I was indeed ignorant, but my ignorance had a definite 
structure
 | and content. In reality I "knew" a variety of of things about
 | Japan --- not from studying about Japan, but from simply 
living
 | in the USA for 23 years. Numerous images and concepts about
 | Japan exist in the American culture, and form a part of that
 | culture, which people who grow up in the USA automatically
 | absorb. 20 years later, it is an interesting exercise to
 | remember what kind of preconceptions I had at the time. By
 | remembering them I can perhaps give the reader some 
impressions
 | of the nature of education the USA has given to its citizens
 | about Japan during 1936--1960. [...]
 |
 | Inside the Americans' heads there existed several images of
 | "Japan" simultaneously:
 | --- the diminishing wartime image of "Yellow Peril"
 | --- the image of occupied Japan, "bright and diligent student 
of
 | Douglas MacArthur's"
 | --- the "Made in Japan" image (cheap and often faulty 
products)
 | --- for a few people the image of "Exotic Orient", going back 
to
 | Lafcadio Hearn.
 | In the mid-50s there appeared a new image: that of Japan as 
the
 | country of Zen. [...]
 | GIs' heaven (occupied Japan) [...]
 |
 | I can go on, but I hope the reader already sees that when I
 | came to Japan in 1960, I was "completely ignorant" about the
 | country, and that state of "complete ignorance" is totally
 | different from that of a blank paper (tabula rasa) you can
 | write anything on. My mind was filled with stereotypes and
 | images about a country somewhat like Japan, a country which is
 | called "Japan" in the USA, but which exists not in Asia but
 | only as an artifact of American culture --- my mind was full 
of
 | attitudes and prejudices toward that country. Many of these
 | images were closely linked to my own culture and to myself. 
To
 | actually set foot in Japan was the beginning of a long battle
 | between those preconceptions and my real experiences.
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 
 because American media is so powerful and influential, these
 negative images are also exported to the rest of the world. I
 have met people from India with these same American stereotypes
 for Japanese: sly and sneaky.
 
(0.4) why I'm writing this article.
 
(0.4.1) reason 1: because the Japanese government isn't doing it.
 
 those who have a chance to go to Japan, study the language, and
 live there will hopefully discover for themselves how inaccurate
 American media images of Japan are --- as Prof Lummis and
 <mr_x@phantom.com> did.
 
 but this is something only few Americans (non-Japanese) can
 afford to do. in the meantime, American media images of Japan
 continues to have insidious negative effects (Section (0.2)),
 and continues to be a major obstacle to non-Japanese's
 understanding of Japan (Section (0.3)).
 
 I really feel that the Japanese government and Ministry of
 Foreign Affairs (GAIMUSHOU) should be doing something to fight
 these negative images and promote positive images, but I know
 too well how bad they are at doing thing like this
 (while they are good at doing some other forms of
 advertisement. see Pat Choate, [book] "Agents of
 influence" (1990) and "buffers", "propaganda", and
 "Japan's foreign apologists" in Karel van Wolferen,
 [book] "The enigma of Japanese power" (1989)).
 
 that's why I feel that I have to something.
 
(0.4.2) reason 2: because I want to make the USA a greater country.
 
 when I write about these topics on the net, I sometimes get
 responses such as the following (lines from actual articles
 posted).
 > Now, will you SHUT THE FUCK UP about this topic, Tanaka?
 
 > Please enjoy your stay in our country, [...]
 (the poster is telling me, "Go home, Jap." in polite
 language --- this poster, at the same time, wrote to
 my postmaster about my "abusive" posting.)
 
 some people may interpret what I'm doing as some foreigner
 bashing away at their beloved country --- like badmouthing
 their parents or something. in my mind that's not what I'm
 doing at all. I've lived in this country for 8 years, and plan
 to live here for many more. in a way I already feel more like
 a Japanese American than a Japanese. I love this country.
 more than anything else I love the energy that American people
 have to transform and improve themselves in the spirit of
 self-affirmation and self-expression. This is symbolized by
 the two marches in Washington: for civil rights movement in
 1963 and for the gay rights movement in 1994 (?). I firmly
 believe that my criticism can make the USA a greater country.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) disparity: Americans view Japanese much more negatively than
 Japanese view Americans.
 
(1.1) from Endymion Wilkinson, "Japan versus the West: image and
 reality" (see (bibliography))
 
 "The key difference is that Japanese images of Europe and the
 USA have tended to be more positive and closer to reality than
 European and US images of Japan. The reasons are clear: at the
 formative period of modern Japan, Westerners were regarded with
 a mixture of fear and respect, two excellent reasons for
 wanting to learn from somebody else. Westerners, on the other
 hand, until recently regarded the Japanese with indifference;
 sometimes with scorn and sometimes with fear, but seldom with
 respect." (Page 32)
 
 "But it [inaccurate Western images of Japan] also derives from
 the Japanese inability to project a clear and unambiguous
 message abroad." (Page 241)
 
(1.2) a TIME poll
 
 in an issue of the TIME magazine (1992 2/10) with the cover
 story "America in the mind of Japan / Japan in the mind of
 America", on Page 20 there is a graph showing the results of
 telephone polls (500 Japanese adults and 1000 American adults):
 
 |-----------------------------------------------------------
 | which words describe what which words describe what
 | people in Japan are like? people in America are like?
 | THE AMERICAN VIEW THE JAPANESE VIEW (diff)
 |
 | friendly 59% 64% 5%
 | competitive 94% 50% 44%
 | devoted to fair play 35% 43% 8%
 |
 | lazy 4% 21% 17%
 | hardworking 94% 15% 79%
 | prejudiced 53% 41% 12%
 |
 | violent 19% 23% 4%
 | crafty 69% 13% 56%
 | poorly educated 12% 21% 9%
 |-----------------------------------------------------------
 (the numbers in the rightmost column are (the absolute
 values of) the differences that I calculated.)
 
 three large differences exist: those for "competitive",
 "hardworking", and "crafty".
 
 in short, these results support the main point I've been making:
 where a large disparity exists in the general attitudes between
 the two peoples, Americans view Japanese much more negatively
 than vice versa:
 --- competitive, hardworking
 Sections (2.9) (4) (5) describe how these are negative
 as presented by American media.
 --- crafty (or sneaky)
 in present-day American English, "crafty" is chiefly
 used negatively.
 the definition of "crafty" in on-line Webster:
 1 dial chiefly Brit: SKILLFUL, CLEVER
 2a: adept in the use of subtlety and cunning
 2b: marked by subtlety and guile <a crafty 
scheme>
 syn see SLY
 synonyms of "crafty": cunning, sly, tricky, sneaky, ... 
.
 
 (a number of other observations can be made. my main question 
is:
 --- why so many Americans in this poll thought of Japanese as
 "devoted to fair play" and "prejudiced"?)
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) American myths and propaganda about Japan
 
(2.1) MYTH: Japanese (Asians) have slanted eyes.
 /////\\\\
 an entry from | --- --- |
 Tom Burnam. | \ / |
 "The Dictionary of Misinformation". (| U |)
 (Crowell, 1975): | _ |
 \_______/
 slanted eyes of Orientals.
 Although they may seem to, the eyes of Chinese, Japanese,
 and other Orientals do not slant; they are, in fact, closer
 to the horizontal than those of non-Orientals. The effect
 is produced by a low nose bridge and the Mongolian, or
 epicanthic, fold of the upper eyelid --- one of the very few
 genuine "racial" characteristics, incidentally. Children of
 Caucasian parents often show the apparent Mongolian slant
 until the nasal bridge develops.
 
 the author Burnam writes as though for EVERYONE Asians seem to
 have slanted eyes. even after becoming familiar with American
 cartoons, I have never felt Asians to have slanted eyes. I
 suspect that this is an illusion produced by the strong belief
 that "Asians have slanted eyes."
 
 this indoctrination of "slant-eye Asians" begins very early on.
 in children's book "The Badger and the Magic Fan"
 ("A Japanese Folktale adapted by Tony Johnston,
 illustrated by Tomie dePaola", published by
 G.P.Putnams's Sons, 1990),
 all humans (13 persons) and animals (a badger and a pigeon) have
 eyes that are narrow (slit-like) and slanted. I just sent
 letters to the publisher and the illustrator (who's American).
 
 I remember the surprise when I first learned that in the USA it
 is common to draw Asian cartoon characters with slanted eyes.
 it surprised me because (i) like most Japanese I have never
 noticed Asians to have slanted eyes compared to whites or
 blacks; and hence (ii) cartoonists in Japan never use the slant
 of the eyes to mark the differences in races.
 (an exception is when OTOMO Katsuhiro (of "Akira")
 draws faces parodying American cartoons.)
 
 unfortunately the author (Tom Burnam) does not provide his
 sources in most cases. would you please let me know if you have
 



(Continued from last message)
 some good information on this subject, like a magazine article
 claiming that Asians don't have slanted eyes?
 (I'll check anthropology textbooks soon.)
 
 |---------------------------------------------------------------
 | "Sign Language Reflects Changing Sensibilities"
 | (The New York Times, January 3, 1994)
 |---------------------------------------------------------------
 | WASHINGTON, Jan. 2 --- Perhaps as recently as two or three
 | years ago, a deaf person would sign the word "Japanese" simply
 | by twisting the little finger next to the eye.
 | But today, many of the more than 200,000 people who use
 | American Sign Language avoid using this sign because it is a
 | graphic reference to a stereotypical physical feature, slanted
 | eyes.
 | Instead, many deaf people here are adopting the Japanese's
 | sign for themselves: pressing the thumbs and index fingers of
 | both hands together and then pulling them apart, carving the
 | silhouette of Japan into the air.
 |
 | [the article describes other offensive signs and their new
 | proposed alternates; for Chinese, Koreans, African-Americans,
 | homosexuals, "stingy", Jewish, ... . the previous
 | Russian sign for "American" was to suggest a big belly with 
one
 | hand and simultaneously mouth the word "capitalism."]
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.2) MYTH: suicide is unusually common in Japan.
 
 many Americans believe that suicide rate in Japan is unusually
 high. I found similar figures for suicide rates in two
 Japanese encyclopedias and "The Encyclopedia Americana".
 
 (per 100,000 people)
 Hungary 33
 Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Austria 20
 Switzerland 17
 
 Japan, Belgium, France 15
 New Zealand, USA, UK 10
 Norway, Holland, Italy 5--8
 ...
 the Philippines 0.8
 Mexico 0.7
 Egypt 0.1
 
 this shows that "suicide is unusually common in Japan" is
 another myth created by the American media: over-emphasis of
 seppuku (hara-kiri) and kamikaze (or "kamakazi") pilots;
 suicides of novelists like Mishima, Kawabata, Akutagawa, Dazai;
 and also the suicides of school children (there was such a case
 in the UK in the summer of 1994).
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.3) MYTH: Japanese are sneaky and unfair as proved by the "sneak
 attack" on Pearl Harbor, and how they now "sweep history under
 the carpet".
 
 this and the following entry (2.4) are among the pillars of the
 100 years of American "yellow peril" journalism.
 
 from [booklet, "Asian Pacific Americans" 1988] (see 
(bibliography))
 |
 | yellow peril --- Used to describe Asian Pacific Americans as
 | a great threat to Western Civilization. The term gained
 | appeal in the 1880s, used by some newspapers and
 | politicians to whip up racism against Asian Pacific
 | immigrants, who were portrayed as taking jobs from 
whites
 | or were poised to invade the United States. [...]
 
 MYTH: the Pearl Harbor attack proves Japanese are sneaky and unfair.
 
 THE TRUTH:
 in a forthcoming article (see (bibliography)) I will show the
 fallacy of this propaganda and myth.
 
 very briefly, the bases of my arguments are as follows:
 [1] the attack was not a surprise to the American politicians.
 [2] beginning a war with a surprise attack, without (or before)
 a declaration is the way the USA and Japan have usually
 fought wars. all surprise attacks are sneaky. there is
 nothing unusually or especially sneaky about the Pearl
 Harbor attack.
 [3] it is false that the Pearl Harbor attack was successful
 only because it was a surprise attack.
 (many Americans believe that Japanese can
 outperform Americans only by cheating.)
 [4] some people seem to believe that the Pearl Harbor attack
 was unusually savage or cruel. that is completely
 false. the attack was a precise maneuver targetting
 only military installations. of the approximately 2400
 Americans killed in the attack, 68 were civilians,
 almost all of whom were employees of the military.
 later American bombings of Japanese cities resulted in
 about 1 million deaths of Japanese civilians.
 
 it is completely understandable that such unfair propaganda
 (promoting the idea of "evil, sneaky Japs" using the
 example of the Pearl Harbor attack)
 was used during the war. it is NOT reasonable that this
 propaganda is still going on TODAY, decades after the war.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------
 MYTH: Japan sweeps history under the carpet.
 
 in the recent years the propaganda of Japanese "sneak attack" on
 Pearl Harbor has often been coupled with another American
 propaganda (see, for example, "Sweeping History Under the
 Carpet", Newsweek, November 25, 1991).
 American media is trying to spread is the notions that
 (i) the Japanese government is trying to distort its history
 regarding its invasions in the WW2.
 (ii) Japan is trying to make its young ignorant of its shameful
 past or to impart to them a distorted version of 
history.
 
 THE TRUTH:
 in the forthcoming article I will show that this is a false
 characterization.
 (I am NOT saying that teaching of history (esp.
 regarding its own invasions and shameful past) in
 Japanese schools (primary and secondary, even
 college-level) is good. it is not. but it is better
 than that in American schools.)
 
 based on my experience of being a student in American schools
 (middle school, high school, graduate school) and Japanese
 schools (elementary school, middle school, university, graduate
 school), I will show that, in reality, Japan is doing a better
 job of educating its young about its shameful past than the USA
 is. this difference results in Japanese being more pacifist and
 Americans being more warlike.
 
 (I know that the Japanese Imperial Army did hideous things in
 China and the rest of Asia, so you don't have to tell me. I've
 read books by HONDA Katuiti and others, and I've also helped in
 the efforts to stop the Japanese government's authorization
 (censorship) of history textbooks (monbushou kyoukasho kentei),
 a movement led by IENAGA Saburou.)
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.4) MYTH: Japanese are sneaky and unfair as proved by their unfair
 business practices.
 
 from "Yellow-peril journalism --- Is latent racism coloring
 business coverage of Japan?" (TIME, November 27, 1989):
 | [...]
 | Even so, Japanese direct investment was only one-fourth that 
of
 | all Europe, about half that of Great Britain and roughly equal
 | to that of the Netherlands. Nor was it any more one-sided 
than
 | that of the Dutch. Neither Japanese nor any other country
 | immanently threatens to gain economic control over the U.S.,
 | whose nonbank multinational corporations have assets totaling
 | well over $5 trillion.
 | Dismaying though the financial trends concerning Japan may
 | be, economics alone cannot explain the current media attitude
 | any more than the immigration levels of the early 1900s could
 | explain the Nippon hysteria of those years.
 | [...]
 (more excerpts in my archive (WWW-site). see Section (A) for
 access information.)
 
 see also Endymion Wilkinson, "Japan versus the West: image and
 reality" (see (bibliography)). Part IV deals with economic
 frictions.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.5) MYTH: Japanese are completely different from Americans and
 inscrutable.
 
 THE TRUTH: not so different.
 
 to me, Japanese and American peoples are more alike than different:
 both are hard-working, practically-minded, and socially and
 politically conservative. (Japan and the USA are among the most
 prominent of the Western capitalist nations.)
 
(2.5.1) Benedict-Reischauer model of Japan as the polar opposite of
 the USA, which has dominated American academia and journalism.
 
 however, American media and academia like to depict Japanese as
 completely different (diametrically opposite) and "inscrutable".
 this has been a consistent pattern in the Western depiction of Japan
 for centuries, culminating in Ruth Benedict's "Chrysanthemum and the
 Sword", which contrasted the Western culture of "sin" vs the
 Japanese culture of "shame". another common contrast is
 "individualist" vs "group-oriented" (see the quote from Reischauer
 below).
 
 (Japanese authors are similarly guilty in this respect.
 --- NAKANE Chie's "tate shakai no ningen kankei" (English tr.
 "Japanese society") contrasts the Western "horizontal"
 society vs the Japanese "vertical" society.
 --- DOI Takeo's "amae no kouzou" (English tr. "The anatomy of
 dependence") exaggerates the differences between the
 cultures.
 if AMAE really is a unique Japanese concept that can not
 be translated into English, why not use AMAE in the
 title of the English version?)
 
 even Karel van Wolferen (Dutch journalist who showed his excellent
 understanding of the Japanese society in [book] "The enigma of
 Japanese power") exclaims, "Inside Japan, nothing is quite as it
 seems." (printed on the dust jacket of the book, Macmillan edition)
 
 I suppose this is due to journalistic exaggeration and appeal to the
 exotic.
 in [book] "Human Universals" Donald E. Brown describes how
 anthropologists tend to over-emphasize the differences when
 reporting customs of "exotic" peoples. he beautifully
 illustrates this by taking a scene describing a foreign
 custom where the reporter was trying to highlight the
 differences, and noting the underlying commonalities in that
 very description.
 
(2.5.2) "Kung Fu", proverbs
 
 one way this notion of "completely different (diametric opposite)"
 is reinforced is through TV shows, such as "Kung Fu". this popular
 TV show has been spreading the following message to Americans, young
 and old, for decades:
 Chinese (and all other Asians) are completely different from
 Americans and inscrutable, that Asians operate under some
 kind of weird, exotic "Oriental logic" (symbolized by the
 cheap, fortune-cookie riddles used in the show) that
 reasonable, civilized Westerners can NEVER hope to 
understand.
 
 another way this notion of "completely different (diametric 
opposite)"
 is reinforced is by citing proverbs. a couples of Americans
 studying Japanese have told me the following: (they told me exactly
 the same thing.)
 --- in Japan people say, "deru kugi ha utareru".
 literally, "the nail that sticks out is hammered down."
 it means: "don't do anything different from the others;
 if you do, you'll be punished."
 --- in the USA people say, "the squeaky wheel gets the grease."
 it means, "if you complain and make noise, you'll be 
noticed,
 get attention (and thus rewarded)."
 --- see how COMPLETELY opposite that is?
 
 Edwin O. Reischauer (famous Harvard Japanologist, ambassador to
 Japan during the 60s) writes:
 Whereas the American may seek to emphasize his independence and
 originality, the Japanese will do the reverse. As the old
 Japanese saying goes, the nail that sticks out gets banged
 down. A personality type that in the United States might seem
 merely bluff or forceful but still normal is defined in Japan as
 a neurotic state. Cooperativeness, reasonableness, and
 understanding of others are the virtues most admired, not
 personal drive, forcefulness, and individual self-assertion.
 in Edwin O. Reischauer, "The Japanese" (1977) Page 135
 and "The Japanese Today" (1988) Page 136
 
 well, it's true that those maxims exist in the two cultures. but
 the bigger truth is that since both peoples are similarly
 conservative, the same kind of maxims abound in both cultures. in
 both cultures there are maxims that encourage boldness, as well as
 those that recommend conformity.
 
 in Japan there are many proverbs and maxims that encourage people to
 be bold, different, and independent.
 --- "atatte kudakero"
 literally, "go collide and smash into pieces."
 it means, "even if you're not sure, go ahead and try it."
 like the American expression, "go for broke".
 --- "gyuubi to naru yori keitou to nare"
 literally, "rather than be a cow-tail, be a chicken-head."
 American equivalent: "I'd rather be a big fish in a small
 pond than a small fish in a big pond."
 --- "i no naka no kawazu"
 literally, "a frog in a well".
 this and the following both mean the same thing:
 "don't be content in your small world; go and explore."
 --- "oyama no taishou"
 literally, "king of a (small) mountain"
 --- "anzuru yori umu ga yasusi"
 literally, "easier to actually give birth than as 
anticipated."
 it means, "it's not as hard as you think.", commonly
 said in the USA.
 --- "kawaii ko ni ha tabi wo saseyo"
 literally, "if you love your child, let it travel alone",
 for it fosters independence.
 --- "shounen yo, taisi wo idake" or "booizu bii anbishasu"
 from "Boys, be ambitious!". an American professor named
 Clark said this to his Japanese students in Hokkaido early
 this century.
 
 in the USA there are some expressions and maxims that recommend
 people to be conformist and quiet.
 --- "stick out like a sore thumb"
 (an expression meaning "to stand out and draw attention";
 usually used negatively)
 --- "When in Rome do as the Romans do."
 (Japanese equivalent: "gou ni itte ha gou ni sitagae")
 --- "rock the boat" (usually negative)
 --- "make waves" (usually negative, sometimes positive)
 --- "go against the current" (usually negative)
 --- "silence is golden."
 --- "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil."
 ("mizaru, iwazaru, kikazaru")
 --- "Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth."
 (Matthew 5:5)
 
 far from what Reischauer and others are trying to show, the proverbs
 and expressions in the two cultures strike me with the many
 parallels and similarities more than the few differences.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.6) MYTH: Japanese are copycats (cheap imitators of the USA).
 
 "Don't be fooled by a cheap Japanese imitation."
 --- Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in TV show "Get Smart"
 
 THE TRUTH: imitation of American culture does go on in Japan,
 but it's nothing like how American media presents it.
 
 The American media promotes the idea of Japanese copycats
 in two ways.
 (i) by exaggerating any imitation that goes on.
 (ii) by suppressing coverage of anything that suggests Japanese
 creativity and originality.
 I will give examples of both.
 
(2.6.1) how American media exaggerates Japanese imitation
 
 the TIME cover story mentioned earlier (1992 2/10) includes
 exactly 3 photographs from Japan.
 
 1. three Japanese men singing country-western-style in a bar,
 all wearing cowboy hats. one holds a guitar; the other
 two are playing harmonicas.
 
 2. two Japanese boys (elementary school age) dressed completely
 in cowboy outfits (cowboy hats, scarfs, leather boots,
 handguns, ...) sitting on haystacks in front a barn.
 (the caption reads, "Draw, partner: at the
 Japanese Disneyland outside Tokyo, children
 recreate America's cowboy myth".)
 
 3. three Japanese men of a Tokyo rap group dressed completely in
 the way black rap singers dress in the USA.
 
 it is true that present-day Japan is very modern, high-tech, and
 westernized. but merely presenting this image isn't enough;
 TIME wants to present Japan as a cheap imitator of the USA and
 American culture. (also see (FAQ-3) crucified Santa Claus.)
 
 recently I watched a 1-hour PBS TV show entitled "The Japanese
 Version" (1991). it was all on Japanese imitation (adaptation)
 of American culture: Japanese cowboys in Tokyo, etc.
 
 this reminds me of another American myth. several Americans
 asked me to elaborate on what they saw on TV and read in
 magazines: that country-western music/fashion is VERY popular
 in Japan.
 my answer: it isn't.
 
(2.6.2) how American media suppresses coverage of Japanese creativity
 and originality
 
 an example: Tezuka's "Jungle King" and Disney's "Lion King".
 
 many people are struck with the similarities between Simba from
 Disney's "Lion King" and Kimba from Tezuka's "Jungle King", a
 popular Japanese cartoon series that was dubbed into English and
 shown on TV in the USA in the 1960s.
 the similarities are both in the pictures and the stories:
 Both stories feature orphaned lion princes who lose
 their crowns to an evil adult lion, then reclaim their
 thrones. The good lions are aided by a wise old baboon
 and a talkative bird, while the evil lions get help from
 hyenas. Kimba's foe was a one-eyed lion named Claw, and
 Simba's a lion named Scar. (from a clari article)
 I have stored some articles and GIF files on the subject in my
 archive (WWW) site. see Section (A) for access information.
 
 it is not clear to me exactly how much Disney borrowed ideas
 and images from Tezuka. I think it is entirely possible that
 much of it was coincidence and the animators used scenes from
 "Kimba" unconsciously. the Japanese animators were convinced
 that the similarities were not coincidental, and they sent a
 letter to Disney requesting some kind of acknowledgement to
 Tezuka. by Sept 1994, 1126 people (animators and others) had
 signed the letter. the issue is quite well-known in Japan now.
 
 how American media has been treating the case is to suppress it,
 



(Continued from last message)
 ignore it, and hope that the issue will disappear.
 examples:
 --- when Newsweek did a cover story on troubles that Disney is
 facing (Sept. 5, 1994), "The Lion King" was only
 mentioned as "perhaps the biggest moneymaker of all 
time".
 --- out of the hundreds of stories CNN has done on "The Lion
 King", I believe there was only one brief report on this
 suspected borrowing.
 the strategy is working: this issue is almost completely unknown
 among the general American public.
 
 see also the case of Sugihara in Section (3.1).
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.7) MYTH: Japan is a sexist country.
 
 (2.7.1) sexism in Japan: the American propaganda
 --- Japanese men are sexist.
 --- Japanese women are mistreated.
 --- Japan is one of the most sexist countries in the world.
 
 (2.7.2) sexism in Japan: the truth
 THE TRUTH: sexism in Japan is not much worse than in the USA.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.7.1) sexism in Japan: the American propaganda
 
 in the last 20 years or so while I've paid close attention to
 the American media portrayals of Japan, I have rarely seen a
 positive coverage in reports relating to the issues of
 relationship between the sexes, sexism, marriage and dating
 practices, etc.
 (it's possible to report positively: about progress
 being made in fighting sexism, about the low divorce
 rate and the secrets of Japanese marital success, about
 characteristic courtship customs, etc.)
 
 on the other hand, I've seen numerous negative reports.
 some recent examples:
 
 --- Newsweek, "Take a Hike, Hiroshi", August 10, 1992, (2 
pages).
 headline: "Japan's War of the Sexes is heating up ---
 because Japan's women are fed up. A report from the 
front".
 the caption to a photograph of 4 young Japanese men
 reads, "Self-centered, boorish and predictable? Young
 men relax in a resort town".
 
 --- TIME, "Fighting Off HANAYOME BUSOKU", March 21, 1988.
 headline: "Villagers cope with a shortage of brides by
 recruiting overseas"
 "... one reason Japanese women head for the cities is
 their inferior position in small-town families. Unless
 the status of rural women is elevated, ..."
 
 THE TRUTH: recruiting mail order brides from Asia is a
 practice that is much more common in the rich western
 nations than in Japan. it is unfair that these
 magazines draw attention to mail order brides in Japan,
 while neglecting the practice (and its problems) in the
 USA and other nations.
 
 --- TIME, "Tying the knot, Japanese style", April 17, 1989.
 headline: "A wedding can still be a feast of conspicuous
 consumption".
 a graph entitled "PRICELY PACKAGE --- Typical costs of a
 fancy wedding".
 a photograph of a couple: she is dressed in a western
 wedding dress; he is dressed like a soldier
 (very unusual for a Japanese wedding);
 caption: "In a mist of dry ice at a bridal 
palace
 in Tokyo, the happy couple descend to greet
 their guests"; together they look very silly.
 
 the hidden message is clear: we know Japanese are rich,
 but Japanese spend their money in such stupid ways.
 
 THE TRUTH: a typical expensive Japanese wedding costs no more
 than a typical expensive American wedding.
 
 if your main source of information on Japan is mainstream
 American media (and movies), then you may actually believe what
 has been drummed into your head:
 --- Japanese men are sexist.
 --- Japanese women are mistreated.
 --- Japan is one of the most sexist countries in the world.
 
 often Americans start telling me something like, "I know you're
 Japanese, and so I understand that you can be a bit sexist, ..."
 at which point I stop them, "whaaat? what have I done or said
 which indicates that I'm being sexist?"
 and they can't cite even a tiny example.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.7.2) sexism in Japan: the truth
 
 THE TRUTH: sexism in Japan is not much worse than in the USA.
 
 I'll qualify what I mean.
 
 [book] "World Human Rights Guide".
 compiled by Charles Humana. London: Pan Books, 1987.
 
 for each country there are 40 items, each of which is evaluated
 with some comments and a rating on a scale of four (which I'll
 denote as A,B,C,D --- A is best, D is worst). based on these 40
 ratings there is an overall "human rights rating" for each
 country (the best possible score is 100%). I think most of this
 research was done in cooperation with Amnesty International.
 I don't like the overly western-centric method of the evaluation
 process, but I believe it is a good first approximation of how
 well basic human rights are respected in the various countries.
 
 items 21, 22, 36, 37 have to do with sexism.
 21 political and legal equality for women
 22 social and economic equality for women
 36 personal rights to inter-racial, inter-religious or
 civil marriage
 37 equality of sexes during marriage and for divorce
 proceedings
 
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
---
 | USA (overall "human rights rating": 90%)
 |
 | 21 political and legal equality for women: B
 | Despite constitution women are under-represented in
 | politics and senior government posts.
 |
 | 22 social and economic equality for women: B
 | Average income for women is lower than for men, who also
 | enjoy certain advantages in employment.
 |
 | 36 personal rights to inter-racial, inter-religious or
 | civil marriage: A
 | rights respected.
 |
 | 37 equality of sexes during marriage and for divorce
 | proceedings: A
 | rights respected.
 |
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
---
 | Japan (overall "human rights rating": 88%)
 |
 | 21 political and legal equality for women: B
 | Despite a number of government measures to improve
 | status of women, traditional subservience limits
 | progress towards equality. Only 3% of Diet seats held
 | by women.
 |
 | 22 social and economic equality for women: C
 | Women's pay averages two-thirds that of men. The
 | acceptance of inequality is an aspect of traditional
 | domesticity; but a more stressful modern society has
 | increased the number of `kitchen drinkers'.
 |
 | 36 personal rights to inter-racial, inter-religious or
 | civil marriage: A
 | rights respected.
 |
 | 37 equality of sexes during marriage and for divorce
 | proceedings: B
 | Despite constitutional equality, strong traditions still
 | remain the social reality. These apply to the
 | interpretation of laws relating to marriage and divorce.
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
---
 
 to put things in perspective, I'll list them with the other 
countries.
 this shows that, in the big picture, the USA and Japan are close 
by.
 
 Sweden 98 A B A A
 Holland 98 B B A A
 W.Germany 97 B B A A
 Canada 96 B B A A
 Austria 96 B B A A
 France 94 B B A B
 Australia 94 B B A A
 U.K. 94 B B A B
 Portugal 91 B B A B
 USA 90 B B A A [NOTE USA's overall rating]
 Japan 88 B C A B [NOTE 22:C rating for Japan]
 Italy 87 B B A B
 Spain 84 B B A B
 
 (most countries in Asia and Africa are down here)
 Mexico 62 B B A B
 S.Korea 59 C C A B
 Taiwan 50 C C A B
 
 [NOTE 22:C rating for Japan]
 the C rating for item 22 that Japan received stands out in
 the above list. I will note that Japan is the only Asian
 country which made it to the top group, and that as an Asian
 country there may be (not necessary negative) social factors
 which result in fewer women in the workplace, etc.
 it says that in Japan "Women's pay averages two-thirds that
 of men." this, again, is not much worse than in the USA.
 
 [NOTE USA's overall rating]
 USA's poor overall rating relative to other western 
countries
 resulted from the following items.
 9 torture or coercion by the state
 11 capital punishment by the state
 23 social and economic equality for ethnic minorities
 31 to free legal aid when necessary and counsel of own 
choice
 40 to practise homosexuality between consenting adults
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
---
 last note:
 
 some people may object to me as follows:
 "Tanaka-san, you have listed many countries by the
 overall human rights ratings, and there the USA and
 Japan are close by. but regarding sexism, your data
 shows that Japan (rated BCAB) is clearly a notch down
 from the USA (rated BBAA) and other western nations.
 your use of the overall human rights ratings in making
 a point about sexism is sophistry."
 
 my response:
 1. sexism does not occur in a vacuum. it is related to other
 aspects of human rights, such as freedom of expression,
 equality for ethnic minorities, etc.
 
 2. please don't call me, "Tanaka-san". please call me
 "Mr Tanaka" (or "Tomoyuki" if you want to be friendly).
 see (MISCONCEPTION 4).
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.8) MYTH: Japanese men are either asexual or sex-hungry monsters.
 
 in the American media (TV and movies) Asian men are usually
 portrayed as asexual, unromantic creatures. Alan Hu wrote in a
 Usenet article:
 Asian men are portrayed as: asexual martial arts
 masters, asexual viet cong guerrillas, asexual servants,
 and asexual geeks.
 this is related to the following myths.
 MYTH: "Japs are wimps in bed."
 MYTH: "Japs have rice dicks." (tiny penises)
 
 when Asian men's sexuality is portrayed at all, the portrayal is
 usually negative. this was especially strong in the American
 anti-Japanese propaganda during WW2. see, for example, the
 poster in John W. Dower's book "War without mercy", Page 189.
 the caption reads:
 The sexual fears underlying Yellow Peril and
 anti-"colored" sentiments are revealed in the poster of
 a Japanese soldier carrying off a naked white woman
 (figure 13). ...
 
 this was a part of the American propaganda, "evil, sex-hungry 
Japs".
 THIS IS THE ENEMY. BEWARE OF THE JAPS.
 We must protect our innocent women from the evil Japs!
 
 there is nothing unusual about that. at the time, similar
 anti-US propaganda was going on in Japan too. what is unusual
 is that similar American propaganda is going on TODAY, in a
 subtler form.
 --- American media (The NY Times, etc) was so overjoyed to
 report on the "comfort women" issue.
 --- American media (even NPR) is so happy to report anything
 sexually-perverted about Japanese men.
 
 movies like "Rising Sun" and "Black Rain" (directed by Ridley
 Scott) provide ideas and images for the TV shows described 
below.
 
 |----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 | brain washer
 |
 | Did anyone see episode of "Law and Order" on Thursday on NBC?
 | It was about a Japanese guy who was described as some sleazy
 | rich guy who took advantage of American blonde white girls. 
The
 | Japanese guy got killed early by a blonde American woman who
 | claimed that she had battered wife syndrome... One of the
 | regular protagonists of the show made some fairly annoying
 | anti-Asian comments. Towards the end there was a message 
about
 | the ignorance of Japan bashing but only after wading through a
 | thicket of stinging racist diatribes about Japanese (& 
therefore
 | directed toward all Asian) men.
 |
 | The next day on FOX, the "Mantis" episode was about the Yakuza
 | kidnapping the daughter of a mob guy... The screenwriters in
 | this show made these Asian men super cruel, and a big 
organized
 | crime threat to "America's city streets." They threatened to
 | kill the scared daughter, and "wage war" on the white American
 | mob. One or two of the regular protagonists on this show 
also
 | said some pretty stupid and ignorant/racist remarks without
 | being challenged or refuted by any of the other characters. 
For
 | example, he called an Asian criminal suspect a "ninja turtle."
 | Later on, the black hero talked about Japanese's racism 
towards
 | blacks, and honor of his father who was an air combat pilot or
 | something like that (to further accentuate hatred towards
 | Japanese/Asian men, to the viewer who is following the story),
 | right before he fights a duel in this insipid, racist, and
 | hypocritical TV show.
 |
 | Hmm, I guess these two prime time TV shows hit the usual 
buttons
 | to provoke hate and fear i.e.: "they're out to take and rape 
our
 | women, and take over our country...."
 |
 | I wonder how this affects all the children who saw these and
 | other anti-Asian racist manipu-tainment shows. I mean, not 
just
 | non-Asian kids who watch such television, but also Asian kids 
as
 | well...
 |
 | Does Michael Crichton have connections with the screenwriters 
on
 | these TV shows? ;-|
 |
 | -JSP
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.9) MYTH: Japanese are rich and hardworking (in a negative way)
 
 In article <...> someone wrote:
 >
 > (Japanese as rich and hardworking people.)
 >
 > This is bad? However, and I'm sure you'll correct me if I'm
 > wrong, my education says that Americans spend more time, in
 > terms of hours-per-year per capita on the job than their
 > Japanese counterparts. (Source: BusinessWeek, NYT, _The
 > overworked American_ to name a few)
 
 as Mr Nakamura and Mr Tang point out in Sections (4) and (5),
 the depiction of Japanese as rich and hardworking people in
 American press is generally cast in negative context.
 
 typically it takes the following form:
 
 from "Coming to grips with karoshi" (TIME, Jan. 30, 1989)
 |
 | Despite their country's status as the world's biggest
 | creditor nation, Japanese workers continue to put in the
 | greatest amount of work time of any major industrial
 | country: on average, they spend as much as 500 more hours 
a
 | year on the job than do their counterparts in West Germany
 | and France, 200 more than those in the U.S. and Britain.
 | Only 1 out of 3 workers enjoys a five-day workweek.
 
 (Tanaka's note:
 KAROSHI literally means "overwork-death". every year at least
 a few people in Japan die from overwork. this happens in other
 western countries too, but there are a few differences: (i)
 the number may be slightly higher in Japan. (ii) in other
 western countries, people who die from overwork tend to be
 executives or self-employed. in Japan this happens to regular
 white-collar workers. I believe overwork-death is becoming
 increasingly uncommon in Japan in the last 3,4 years.)
 (I say "other western country" because I believe that
 Japan is both a western country and an Asian country.)
 
 the tone of the mainstream American press is the following:
 we know Japan is rich and Japanese people are
 hardworking, but we emphasize strongly how terrible life
 is over there, and their unfair, sneaky business
 practices.
 
 articles are often written in such a way to evoke images from
 George Orwell's "1984": a joyless, socially-controlled
 high-tech hell.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.10) American media coverage of Japan, Ezra Vogel's "Japan as Number 
One"
 
 I would characterize American media coverage of Japan as
 "generally negative and sometimes malicious".
 
 over the years, I have collected many TIME and Newsweek articles
 on Japan. most of them fall under the following categories.
 --- clearly negative: treats Japan as sneaky, unfair,
 threatening, etc.
 --- a "human interest" story with easily-detectable negative
 intentions: depicting Japanese as sexist, exotic,
 strange, stupid, inscrutable, etc.
 --- articles that are completely factual about the value of the
 Yen, etc. coupled with the negative treatment of Japan,
 these articles contribute to the image of the "faceless,
 nameless, ominous threat".
 
 even when the American media says positive things about Japan
 --- about its wealth, social order, hardworking people, etc. ---
 the hidden message is often, "beware of this ominous threat."
 
 Ezra Vogel's book "Japan as Number One" is a good example of
 this. please see the April 3, 1981 issue of "The New York
 Review of Books". there is a short article about the book by
 Vogel ("To the Editors:", Page 45). in the same issue, Tetsuo
 Najita, a Japanese-American professor at Univ of Chicago,
 expresses strong displeasure at the "racial reference" that
 Vogel made by referring to Najita as "American Nisei".
 
 except for the few recent articles on Sugihara (see Section
 



(Continued from last message)
 (3.1)), I have NEVER seen an American coverage of Japan that is
 totally positive (newspaper, magazine, TV, ...).
 (please let me know by e-mail if you find any.)
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(2.11) positive images of Japan in the USA
 
 Some people pointed out these positive images of Japan and
 the Japanese:
 --- safe society (no guns)
 --- low unemployment, few homeless people
 --- no graffiti or vandalism
 --- corporate management based on harmony rather than 
confrontation
 --- good education system (esp. math and science; elementary and
 middle schools)
 --- hardworking, industrious (in a good sense)
 --- long life expectancy (healthy people; healthy diet)
 --- honest people
 actually some of these I take issue with (like "corporate
 management based on harmony"), but this is not the place for 
that.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) images of the USA in Japan
 
(3.1) Japanese media coverage of the USA --- mostly positive
 
 when I was in Japan this summer, I was shocked by the favorable
 way Japanese media covers the USA. more than anything else, I
 was overwhelmed by the volume of it. a person with no knowledge
 of Japanese society but with a good knowledge of the Japanese
 language, looking at Japanese TV and newspapers may conclude
 that Japan is a part of the United States, and that Clinton is
 the head of state of Japan.
 
 I kept seeing more and more examples.
 --- NHK's coverage of World Cup Soccer 1994.
 the coverage and interest was huge, because it took place in
 Japan's favorite country, the USA. but Japan didn't have a
 contingent, so NHK did the obvious and treated the US team
 as if it was representing Japan. (more coverage than the
 other teams, etc.) the most striking example was when the
 US team lost to Brazil. the announcer kept saying things
 like, "the American team did a wonderful job, but we all
 know that the Brazilian team is an excellent team with a
 long history. we must give the American team a big hand."
 all the while giving very little attention to the winners,
 the Brazilian team.
 --- NYC streetside misc help. (like Lucy's in the "Peanuts" cartoon)
 in a TV show there was a story about a group of 3 white
 streetside. (advice on romance, jobs, what to get as a 
gift,
 etc.) they are working on a book about their experience.
 --- for the last 5,6 years, every Sunday night around midnight
 TBS airs a 1-hour long show entitled "CBS document". it
 usually consists of three segments from CBS programs such as
 "20/20" or "60 minutes"(?). Japanese and English sound
 tracks are available. understanding of and interest for
 American society among the general Japanese public is so
 great that this is commercially feasible.
 
 these things really made me gasp. except for the few recent
 articles on Sugihara, I have NEVER seen an American coverage of
 Japan that is totally positive (newspaper, magazine, TV, ...),
 and comparable to these above.
 
 but again, the articles on Sugihara are not comparable at all.
 in order for a Japanese to get any kind of good publicity in the
 USA he must risk his life, save 8000 Jews, get imprisoned in
 Russia, and die in obscurity. for an American to get good
 publicity in Japan is very easy.
 (any American person who goes to Japan to teach English
 can easily become a local celebrity, through articles in
 the local newspaper, etc.)
 
 since Japanese people are generally so favorable toward the USA
 and Americans, they little suspect the negative ways Japan is
 covered in the media and the way Japanese people are treated in
 the USA.
 (this reminds me of the Arawaks and Columbus, as well as
 the white Americans and many native American tribes.
 having good intentions, not doubting the goodness of
 others proved deadly for the naive peoples. see Howard
 Zinn's book, "A people's history of the United States")
 
 when I tell my friends in Japan that I've been called "Jap",
 "Nip", "Nipponese", "Tanaka-san" (in a derisive way), etc. by
 white Americans, many of them can't believe it.
 (this morning an American friend of mine used the phrase
 "I know you `Tojo's!" in a conversation. he didn't mean
 any harm, and I wasn't offended. still, the fact that
 such a phrase is alive and well must be unbelievable to
 most Japanese.)
 
 in general, Japanese media coverage of the USA and European
 countries are unfairly positive, while Japanese media coverage
 of Korea and other Asian countries are unfairly negative.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(3.2) negative images of the USA in Japan
 
 Some people also pointed out some negative stereotypes that
 Japanese have. of these, the only one that is common and
 overemphasized in Japan is "all of the USA is unsafe
 (crime-filled)". I try to correct this misconception at every
 opportunity by pointing out that there are many safe towns in
 the USA, like Bloomington, IN, where I live. I feel as safe
 here as when I'm in Tokyo.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Hiroshi Nakamura: comments on various points
 
 
 [...]
 >> --- the Japanese as rich people
 >
 >This is "negative and malicious"?
 
 I don't know if I would go as far as "malicious" but at times,
 yes, I agree with Mr Tanaka. Pretty much everything, I believe,
 can be conveyed to the readers or listeners in a positive or in
 a negative way depending on HOW it is being said and in what
 CONTEXT it's in. I think what Mr Tanaka was trying to say is
 that media tries to say it ("rich") in a negative way. For
 example, I don't think people would think highly of a rich
 person who makes his/her money by tricking and taking advantages
 (unfair trade practices) of other people (fellow Americans).
 
 >> --- the Japanese as hardworking people
 >
 >This is "negative and malicious"?
 
 I agree with you. Hard and diligent workers are USUALLY admired
 and are used as role models. HOWEVER, workers who only work for
 money and have no social life are NOT. Mr Tanaka, I think, was
 referring to the latter type.
 
 >> --- the Japanese as invaders
 
 I think the point that Mr Tanaka was referring to is Japan
 taking over Corporate America and America itself. In the past
 decade many Japanese firms have bought a lot of assets in the
 U.S. such as Universal Studios, Columbia Recording Studio,
 Rockefeller Building, and has also improved its status (esp.
 economic): These takeovers are sometimes viewed as Japan's
 second attempt to take over the U.S.
 
 [...] how some US companies try to use the nationalism (and
 hatred toward Japan) that existed during the war to compete with
 the Japanese companies.
 e.g., "Buy American-made cars." NOT "Buy the best cars"
 
 > >--- suicide
 > > Japan, Belgium, France ... 15
 > > New Zealand, USA, UK ... 10
 > >this shows that "suicide common in Japan" is another myth
 > >created by American media bias, the wide coverage of suicides 
of
 >
 > Hmm, this shows a 50% higher suicide rate in Japan than the
 > US. How, then, is it a myth that Japan has a higher suicide 
rate
 > than the US?
 
 You might be disappointed but I'd like to let you know that the
 world doesn't revolve around the U.S. You have to look at the
 big picture. What Mr Tanaka was trying to show was that Japan
 does not have ABNORMALLY high suicide rate.
 
 For your info, while adult suicide is common in Japan, teenage
 suicide is not. In 1987, about 1700 Japanese between the ages
 of fifteen and twenty-four killed themselves, at a rate that was
 fifty percent LESS than in the U.S.!!!
 
 >--- sexually perverted
 
 I agree with Mr Tanaka. Stereotypes toward Japanese have
 changed recently in North America.
 --- Before, it was Samurai, Geisha, and Ninja (Samurai related
movies).
 --- Then, it was hardworking (in a bad sense) and stubborn
 workers as seen in Gung Ho.
 --- Finally, Hollywood has decided to portray Japanese as sly,
 perverted, and impossible-to-understand human beings.
 
 There is, however, one consistency in all of these stereotypes
 listed above: they are all negative. The most recent type of
 stereotypes can be seen in movies like: Black Rain, Rising Sun,
 and Mr. Baseball.
 
 ---
 Hiroshi Nakamura
 E-mail: ynakamur@sfu.ca
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) R. Tang: comments on various points
 
 
 [...]
 >> --- the Japanese as rich people
 >This is "negative and malicious"?
 
 In some ways yes, it serves to promote a class distinction
 between common Americans and Japanese. Americans who are poor
 might resent the wealth of these "typical" Japanese. i.e.,
 they're taking over, they're buying up everything. They are
 rarely portrayed as rich in the positive way (i.e. charitable,
 philanthropic).
 
 Whether or not the Japanese are in fact charitable or
 philanthropic is besides the point. My response is to show how
 the "rich Japanese" stereotype has been portrayed negatively.
 
 >> --- the Japanese as hardworking people
 >This is "negative and malicious"?
 
 Most commonly, hardworking in the sense of mindless worker bees.
 
 A side note on this issue.
 An article in (I believe) Macleans or some similar type of
 magazine had a story on the 'glass ceiling' affecting Asian
 Americans. The perception of upper management of AA's is that
 they are good hard workers, but not suitable for upper
 management from a lack of initiative and organization. While
 AA's are NOT Japanese, those who hold these prejudiced beliefs
 in AA's probably can't distinguish between the two groups
 anyways.
 
 > >--- slanted eyes
 > Uh, out of curiousity, have ever, during the time you "lived 
in
 > Japan" happen across any Edojidai paintings of, say, samurai,
 > geisha, or other subjests? How were the eyes depicted?
 
 I don't think you would go about claiming Japanese have big 
round
 eyes because of Japanese anime cartoons. Or maybe Spaniards
 are cubic creatures, because Picasso drew people that way?
 
 This eye slant is a myth and at most an optical illusion. Case
 in point, in the time of Genghis Khan, European emissaries made
 the observation that Oriental eyes were further apart then
 European. Both of which may be correct or incorrect, the point 
is
 that it was an observation based on nothing more than personal
 perception, which then got spread, and from a lack of real
 scientific judgement became commonly accepted as fact.
 
 As far as my perceptions go, I would note that Caucasians and
 orientals have about the same slant in eye angle, but Caucasians
 have a more pronounced ridge above the eye or bone behind the
 eyebrow. Making the eyelid less prominent over the eye.
 
 > >--- suicide
 > > Japan, Belgium, France ... 15
 > > New Zealand, USA, UK ... 10
 > >this shows that "suicide common in Japan" is another myth
 > >created by American media bias, the wide coverage of suicides 
of
 >
 > Hmm, this shows a 50% higher suicide rate in Japan than the
 > US. How, then, is it a myth that Japan has a higher suicide 
rate
 > than the US?
 
 I don't see Tomoyuki disputing this, he states that the premise
 that "suicide is COMMON" is overstated. The correct assertion
 is that suicide is more common in Japan then in America.
 However, the `suicidal' stereotype, is rarely attributed to
 French or Belgian peoples.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(6) Earl Kinmonth: on Benedict and the tradition of Japanese studies
 
 
 TANAKA Tomoyuki (tanaka@nickel.ucs.indiana.edu) wrote:
 :
 : however, American media and academia like to depict Japanese 
as
 : completely different (diametric opposite) and "inscrutable".
 : this has been a consistent pattern in the Western depiction of
 : Japan for centuries, culminating in Ruth Benedict's
 : "Chrysanthemum and the Sword", which contrasted the Western
 : culture of "sin" vs the Japanese culture of "shame".
 
 Your enthusiasm for your subject is leading you to
 exaggeration. Ruth Benedict wrote in the 1940s. I don't think
 you'll find much if any American writing on Japan before 1840.
 This gives you a century at best. There's also very little
 European writing before 1840.
 
 Second, emphasis on differences has not in fact been the
 consistent pattern. At various times and for various (usually
 political) reasons there has been an emphasis on similarity.
 Generally, I think you will find that journalistic writers have
 emphasized differences while academic writers have emphasized
 similarities. If anything American academic writers have
 probably been more guilty of trying to plug Japan into American
 models and not paying enough attention to real differences.
 Reischauer certainly falls into this bag although he was an
 academic only by virtue of his position, not by the quality and
 quantity (or lack thereof) of his research.
 
 You should read Kosaku YOSHINO, Cultural Nationalism in
 Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Enquiry (Routledge, 1992) and
 get some perspective. As Yoshino shows, writing stressing the
 (largely imagined) differences between Japanese and (abstracted)
 "Westerners" is much more popular among Japanese than it is
 among a non-Japanese audience. Indeed, he points out that the
 bulk of American academic response has been to attack the whole
 Nihonjin and Nihon bunka ron genre for its exaggerations.
 
 As Yoshino points out, very few American academics write the
 broad stroke "cultural comparisons" of the Nihonjin and Nihon
 bunka ron variety. Japanese academics do. Indeed, you've cited
 some of them.
 
 You should also keep in mind that Ruth Benedict did not speak or
 read Japanese. She picked up her ideas from Japanese informants
 and confiscated Japanese films. Most journalistic writers about
 Japan do not speak or read Japanese. If they have silly ideas
 about Japan, these usually come from two sources: previous
 writing in the same genre; Japanese informants who spout the
 "party line" (Nihonkyo as Yamamoto Shichihei called it) derived
 from Nihonjin and Nihon bunka ron writings.
 
 Also, I think you need to do some more research. There is a
 whole genre of US studies that dissect US images of Japan.
 Many of these have been inspired by Akira Iriye at the
 University of Chicago. It has been a fairly popular PhD
 dissertation subject. I've taught courses on this theme and
 found American students quite open to be told that what they
 read about Japan in journalistic sources is usually unmitigated
 bull shit.
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(afterword (response to Mr Kinmonth's comments))
 
 --- I still believe that emphasizing the differences has been a
 pattern in Western depiction of Japan.
 
 --- I also believe that influences of Benedict and Reischauer
 are still significant today on American and Japanese writers
 (including fake GAIJINs like Isaiah Ben-Dasan and Paul Bonet, on
 which I've written a short essay stored in my archive site).
 
 Mr Kinmonth wrote to me, "Also, I think you need to do some
 more research." I just checked out 3 books by Akira Iriye
 (including "Mutual images: essays in American-Japanese
 relations") as well as Mr Kinmonth's book, "The self-made man
 in Meiji Japanese thought: from samurai to salary man".
 
 sure, it'd be good for me to read and learn more. but it is
 unlikely that I will ever reach the point of having read as much
 as Mr Kinmonth has on these matters. it is possible that my
 perspective will change significantly sometime, but I don't see
 it happening anytime soon --- maybe 10 years from now, but I may
 well be dead by that time, and I decided that distributing this
 rough sketch may do some good.
 
 I'm also thinking about writing an article in a Japanese
 newspaper or magazine. (I've written articles in Japanese
 magazines and a newspaper before.)
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(bibliography)
 
 I recognize influence of HONDA Katuiti and C. Douglas Lummis in
 everything I write. for the material covered in this article I
 was especially helped by these two books by Lummis.
 
 --- C. dagurasu ramisu. "nai-naru gaikoku: KIKU TO KATANA saikou".
 jiji-tuusin-sha. 1981. (see Section (0.3))
 
 --- dagurasu ramisu, ikeda masayuki. "nihonjin-ron no sinsou"
 haru-shobou. 1985.
 
 --- Stanly Sue and Harry H.L. Kitano.
 "Stereotypes as a measure of success".
 Journal of Social Issues. Vol 29, No 2 (1973).
 this paper traces the changes of Chinese and Japanese
 stereotypes in the USA. it was written in the early
 1970s, when these Asian stereotypes were probably at
 their most favorable point ever.
 
 --- [booklet "Asian Pacific Americans" 1988 (?)]
 "Asian Pacific Americans: A handbook on how to cover and
 portray our nation's fastest growing minority group."
 about 80 pages. out of print.
 (some excerpts available in my archive (WWW) site.)
 
 --- the negative images described in this article are big factors
 in "disparity in Asian/white interracial dating FAQ"
 (v7, 1300 lines). see the FTP locations in Section (A).
 



(Continued from last message)
 
 --- Tanaka, "American WW2 myths and propaganda about Japan: 1941 to
 present" (forthcoming) will examine the following myths in
 greater detail.
 MYTH: the Pearl Harbor attack proves Japanese are sneaky and 
unfair.
 MYTH: Japan sweeps history under the carpet.
 MYTH: WW2 proves that Japanese are more fanatical than 
Americans.
 MYTH: use of atomic bombs on Japan is justified because
 [1] it was a retaliation against the Pearl Harbor 
attack.
 [2] it was necessary to avoid land invasion.
 [3] it was a punishment for Japan's misbehavior in Asia.
 
 after posting versions of Section (E) in Nov and Dec 1994, I
 found the following books in January 1995.
 
 --- Sheila K. Johnson. "The Japanese through American eyes", 1991.
 
 --- Endymion Wilkinson. "Japan versus the West: image and reality",
 Penguin Books, 1990. ($9.95 in the USA)
 
 the author Wilkinson was born and raised in England, and got
 his Princeton Ph.D. in East Asian studies. he seems to speak
 at least four languages fluently: English, French, Chinese, and
 Japanese. he became an EC diplomat and served for six years in
 Tokyo and for six years in Southeast Asia. the book has three
 major parts: the West as seen by Japan, Japan as seen by the
 West, and economic frictions.
 
 
;;; (Mr.) TANAKA Tomoyuki (Tanaka is my family name.)
;;;
;;; mailing address: TANAKA Tomoyuki
;;; Eigenmann Hall 393
;;; Bloomington, IN 47406, USA
;;;
;;; WWW: <http://bronze.ucs.indiana.edu/~tanaka>
;;;
;;; e-mail address: <tanaka@indiana.edu>
 

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