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                                                                History Paper


                            GREEK ARCHITECTURE



      The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in
    the sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands,
    southern Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey.
    Monumental Greek architecture began in the archaic period,
    flourished through the classical and Hellenistic periods, and saw
    the first of many revivals during the Roman Empire. The roots of
    Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local Bronze Age house and
    palaces. The following paper will cover the basic forms of Greek
    architecture.



        One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred
    Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as
    anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the
    natural world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with
    sacrifices made at an outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar
    was much older than the temple, and some sanctuaries had only an
    altar. The temple designed simply as a shelter or home for the cult
    statue and as a storehouse for offerings. This shelter consisted of
    a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch), an opisthodomus
    (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches), and a
    colonnade that provided shelter for visitors.



        The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the
    temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained,
    they had to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders,
    Doric on the mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were
    developed in the archaic temples, and their lasting example tended
    to make Greek architecture conservative toward changes in design or
    in building technology.



        The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace
     collapsed in 1200 BCE during the dark ages when people began
     rebuilding. This era brought about the introduction of both the
     Doric and Ionic Orders.



        The Doric Order, which originated around 400 BCE brought
     rise to a whole new type of building technique and style.
     In the archaic temples, stone gradually started to replace wood,
     and some of the structural details of the early buildings appear
     to have been copied in stone. At Thermon, in northwestern
     Greece, a succession of buildings from the Last Bronze Age
     throughout the sixth century BCE show the evolution of the Doric

     temple from a hall shaped like a hairpin to a long rectangular
     building with a porch at either end and surrounded by columns.
     The temple of Hera at Olympia, built about 600 BCE, had wooden
     columns that were gradually replaced by stone ones, probably as
     votive gifts. The variety of column and capital shapes
     illustrates the evolution of the Doric order. The earliest
     columns had a heavy, bulging profile, and their capitals were
     broad and low. During the archaic period, limestone became the
     standard building material for foundations, steps, walls,
     columns, and Doric entablature. Building such as the famous Temple
     of Aphaia on Aegina illustrate the dramatic influence of the Doric
     order.



        White the Doric order became the standard for mainland Greece,
     the Ionian colonies in the eastern Aegean were developing a very
     different system of columns and entablature based on Egyptian
     and Near Eastern architecture. The tall slender columns, low
     entablature, and lack of sculptured frieze course were typical
     of Ionic buildings. The sixth century BCE Ionic temples were
     unprecedented in size, as large as 55 by 112 m. Wealthy cities each
     has six major temples, sometimes arranged in a regular sequence, in
     addition to the standard civic buildings. An outstanding number of
     Ionic buildings can be found throughout the eastern Aegean.



        During the classical period, Athenian Dominance greatly affected
    architecture. The war between the Greek city-states and Persia
    (499-480 BCE) interrupted almost all temple building for a
    generation while the Greeks concentrated on restoring their defensive
    walls, civic buildings, and the fleet. Athens emerged as the leader,
    controlling the war chest of the Delian League, Panhellenic league;
    the city initiated extravagant program to rebuild the sanctuary of
    Athena on the Acropolis. The Parthenon, Propylaea, Temple of Athena
    Nike, and the Erechtheum were built entirely of marble and
    elaborately decorated with carved moldings and sculpture.The
    architects were Callicrates and Iotinus, and the chief sculptor was
    Phidias. A large school of builders and sculptors developed in
    Athens during the second half of the fifth century BCE. Most of
    these craft workers were freed slaves from the eastern Mediterranean.
    Perhaps as a consequence there developed in Attica a unique blend of
    the Doric and Ionic orders seen in the fortified sanctuaries as well
    as in Athens.


        The Corinthian order resulted from long civil wars during the

    fifth century BCE (Classical period). The Ionian cities recovered
    more quickly from the civil war under Persian sovereignty. The
    colossal sixth century BCE temples and altars were replaced on a
    grander scale. Several Ionian cities were rebuilt on a grid plan
    that has been credited to Hippodamus of Miletus.



        The rise of Macedonia and the conquests of Alexander the Great
     heralded the Hellenistic period. Old building types became more

     complex: altars, gate buildings, council houses, stoas with two
     or three levels, and theaters with large attached stage buildings.
     Many new building types were introduced, including the nymphaeum,
     monumental tomb, columned hall, choragic monument, clock tower and
     light house. Many of these structures were decorated with dramatic
     marble sculpture.


        Hellenistic architects made imaginative variations on the
     standard temple forms, introducing Apses, high podia (stepped or
     square platforms), and subtle combinations of Doric and Ionic
     features. Several temples had exterior Corinthinan columns, such as
     the colossal temple of Zeus Olympius in Athens, begun in 174 BCE.
     In the Ionic order, Hermogenes of Priene evolved new canons of
     proportion concerning the temple plan and the height and spacing of
     columns. His writings were also passed down to Roman architects who
     emulated his designs. Long after the Roman army captured Athens,
     the principles of Greek architecture continued to govern building
     designs in mainland Greece and in Anatolia and strongly influenced
     Roman architecture throughout the empire.


          Greek architecture changed and evolved over a number of years.
     The creative architecture of the Greeks led to the construction of
     some of the best known buildings in history. Therefore, the Greek's
     advancements in the field of architecture were not only beneficial to
     their civilizations, but ours as well.
